STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Flashcards
- Composed of an integrated set of regulated
processes that include pulmonary ventilation (breathing), gas exchange in the lungs
and tissues throughout the entire body, transport of gases by the blood, assist with
regulating blood pH, and contains receptors for the sense of smell. - Filters inspire air, produce sounds, and excrete small amounts of water and heat during exhalation.
respiratory system
Upper respiratory system includes what structures?
- Nose,
- pharynx,
- associated structures
Lower respiratory system includes what structures?
- Larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
The conducting zone:
Consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes:
- Nose,
- pharynx,
- larynx,
- trachea,
- trachea,
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles-that conduct air into the lungs.
Fx getting oxygen to the alveoli for gas exchange
The respiratory zone:
Consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs-the:
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli.
- visible external portion and an internal portion inside the skull.
Nose
External nose:
Consist of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with
mucous membrane. It has two openings called external nares or nostrils.
Internal nose:
Connects to the throat through two openings called the internal nares.
Four groups of paranasal sinuses (some air circulates in the sinuses and provides resonance, warms and humidifies before going down to the lungs).
a) Frontal
b) Maxillary (largest)
c) Sphenoid
d) Ethmoidal
Nasolacrimal ducts are connected to the
internal nose.
The space inside the internal nose, called
the nasal cavity, lies below the
cranium and above the oral pharynx.
A vertical partition, the nasal septum, divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides. The septum consists of following structures:
a) Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
b) Vomer
c) Cartilage
Basic functions of the nose (three)
a) Filtering, warming, and moistening incoming air.
b) Detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli.
c) Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells line the
nasal cavity.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
Mucus secreted by goblet cells do what in the nasal cavity?
moistens the air and traps dust particles.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
Cilia does what?
move the dust-laden mucus toward the pharynx, at which point it can be swallowed or spit out.
This structure is a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends
partway down the neck.
(a) Lies posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical (neck) vertebrae.
(b) Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane.
(c) Functions as a passageway for air and food.
(d) Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils
(participates in immunological responses to foreign invaders).
Pharynx or throat
This structure is in the upper part of the pharynx.
a) The posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil.
b) Exchanges air with the nasal cavities and receives mucus-dust packages.
c) The cilia of its pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium moves the
mucus- dust packages toward the mouth.
d) Exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between the pharynx and middle ear.
Nasopharynx:
This structure is located in the middle portion of the pharynx.
a) Opens into the mouth and nasopharynx.
b) Two pairs of tonsils (palatine and lingual tonsils).
Oropharynx:
What structure?
Connects with both the esophagus (food tube) and the
larynx (voice box).
Laryngopharynx:
What structure?
(a) Is a short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea
(b) It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the fourth, fifth, and six cervical vertebrae (C4 to C6).
Larynx (voice box)
What structure?
a) Consists of hyaline cartilage, forms the anterior wall of the larynx.
b) Commonly called (Adam’s apple), often larger in males than in females due to the influence of male sex hormones during puberty.
Thyroid cartilage:
What structure?
a) Is a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium.
b) The “stem” of the epiglottis is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone.
c) The broad superior “leaf” portion of the epiglottis is unattached and is free to move up and down like a trap door.
d) During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or fluids; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the larynx, closing it off.
e) Closing of the larynx keeps foods and liquids from entering the respiratory system (trachea).
f) When anything but air passes into the larynx, a cough reflex attempts to expel the material.
Epiglottis:
What structure?
A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first tracheal cartilage.
a) Landmark for making an emergency airway (tracheotomy).
Cricoid cartilage: