structural and functional changes in mental illness Flashcards
PTSD
reduced frontal blood flow
increased amygdala blood flow
reduced hippocampus volume
Bipolar depression
attenuated bilateral OFC (orbitofrontal) activation
attenuated right DLPFC activation
increased left prefronal cortex activation
depression
higher pulvinar nucleus activation
negative stimuli increase response in amygdala, insula
lower response in DLPFC and dorsal striatum
anorexia
OFC and insula
Enlarged sulci, ventricles and interhemispheric fissure
reduced grey matter in limbic system, putamen
increased 5HT1a and decreased 5HT2a binding
BPD
altered GABA, glutamate and serotonin transporting
limbic hyperreactivity
diminished frontal recruitment
OCD
striatal dysfunction
OFC hyperactivity
anterior cingulate hyperactivity
schizophrenia
ventricular enlargement
grey matter reduction
DLPFC hyper/hypoactivation
Reduced concentration of phospholipids and NAA (N-Acetyl Aspartate) in frontal and temporal lobes
Schizophrenia
Increased activity in the insula and amygdala
Anxiety
Medial pre frontal cortex dysfunction
mood disorders
increased brain volume
Autism
Increases in 5HT1A receptor binding and reductions in 5HT2A receptor binding
eating disorder
Neurosyphillus
Argyl-Robertson Pupil (pupil that is slow to accommodate or where the accommodation reflex is present in absent of normal light reflex)
Cryptococcal Meningitis
Retroviral Medications can be associated with psychiatric disturbances.
CNC opportunistic infections are a risk on stopping retroviral medications including: cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, PML, CMV, neurosyphilis, tuberculous meningitis
Other CNS complications in HIV: HAD, MCMD, vacuolar myelopathy, Kaposi’s sarcoma, EBV related primary CNS lymphoma
SIADH vs Water Intoxication (psychogenic polydypsia)
Water intoxication: low urine osmol
SIADH: high urine osmol
