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Genitourinary Male > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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2
Q

what are the ducts of the male reproductive system

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra

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3
Q

What are the paired oval glands that develop on the produce sperm and secrete hormones?

A

Testes

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4
Q

What contains sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands?

A

Semen

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5
Q

What are the dense White Fibrous Capsules that extend inward and divides each testis into internal compartments?

A

Lobules

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6
Q

What produces sperm by a process called spermatogenesis. Lined with spermatogenic cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What cells are located between the developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules, support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells; phagocytize degenerating spermatogenic cells; secrete fluid for sperm transport; and release of the hormone inhibin, which regulate sperm production

A

Sertoli Cells

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8
Q

Located between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of ____ cells. These cells secrete the hormone _____.

A

Leydig
Testosterone

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9
Q

What is the hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics

A

Androgen

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10
Q

What hormone promotes a man’s libido (sex drive)?

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

_________ is a pouch that supports the testes; it consists of loose skin, superficial fascia, and smooth muscle.

A

The scrotum

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12
Q

_______ divides the scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis.
1) The production and survival of sperm is optimal at a temperature that is about ______° C below normal body temperature.
2) This lowered body temperature is maintained within the scrotum because it is outside of the pelvic cavity.

A

Septum
1) 2- 3 degrees

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13
Q

What is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm?

A

Spermatogenesis

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis Consists of three stages:

A

meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis

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15
Q

Spermatogenesis begins during puberty and continues throughout life. The time from on-set of cell division in a spermatogonium until sperm are re-leased into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule is how long?

A

65 to 75 days

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16
Q

______ contain the diploid number of chromosomes (46).

A

Spermatogonia

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17
Q

(a) Meiosis I begins with a diploid starting cell, and ends with ____ cells with haploid number of chromosomes.
(b) During ______, each of the two haploid cells formed during meiosis I divides.
(c) The net result is ______ that are genetically different from the original haploid starting cell.
(d) The haploid cells formed during meiosis II are called ______.
(e) _______- in the final states of spermatogenesis, each haploid spermatid develops into a single sperm cell.

A

(a) two
(b) meiosis II
(c) four haploid gametes
(d) spermatids
(e) Spermiogenesis

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18
Q

Sperm
(1) Sperm are produced at the rate of about ____ per day.
(2) Once ejaculated, most do not survive more than ___ hours in the female reproductive tract.
(3) The major parts of a sperm cell are the ______

A

1) 300 million
2) 48
3) head and the tail

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19
Q

What major part of the sperm contains the nuclear material (DNA) and an acrosome, a vesicle containing enzymes that aid penetration by the sperm cell into a secondary oocyte?

A

The head

20
Q

The tail of a sperm cell is subdivided into four parts:

A

neck, middle piece, principal piece, and end piece.

21
Q

The tail of a sperm cell
What part is the constricted region just behind the head

A

The neck

22
Q

The tail of a sperm cell
What part contains mitochondria that provide ATP for locomotion

A

The middle piece

23
Q

The tail of a sperm cell
______ is the longest portion of the tail and the______ is the terminal, tapering portion of the tail

A

Principle piece
end piece

24
Q

Following spermatogenesis pressure generated by the continual release of sperm and fluid secreted by _____ cells propels sperm and fluid through the seminiferous tubules and into the epididymis.

A

sustentacular cells

25
Q

The _____ is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis
(a) Each epididymis consists mostly of the tightly coiled ductus epididymis.
(b) Functionally, the _____ is the site of sperm maturation, the process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize a secondary oocyte.
(c) The ductus epididymis also stores sperm and helps propel them during sexual arousal by peristaltic contraction of its smooth muscle into the _______.
(d) Sperm may remain in storage in the ductus epididymis for how long?

A

epididymis
(b) ductus epididymis
(c) ductus vas deferens
(d) several months

26
Q

The ductus epididymis becomes less convoluted, and its diameter increases. Beyond the epididymis, the duct is termed the _____________.
(a) The ductus deferens ascends along the posterior border of the epididymis and penetrates the inguinal canal, a passageway in the front abdominal wall.
(b) It enters the pelvic cavity, where it loops over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder.
(c) The ductus deferens has a heavy coat of three layers of muscle.
(d) Functionally, the ductus deferens stores sperm, which can remain viable here for up to ______.
(e) The ductus deferens also conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra during sexual arousal by peristaltic contractions of the muscular coat.
(f) ______ is a supporting structure of the male reproductive system.

A

ductus deferens or vas deferens
(d) several months
(f) Spermatic cord

27
Q

(1) The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the duct from the ______ and the _______.
(a) The short ejaculatory ducts carry sperm into the ________.

A

1) ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles
2) urethra

28
Q

What is the terminal duct of the male reproductive system, serving as a passageway for both sperm and urine.

A

The urethra

29
Q

In the male, the urethra passes through what 3 things?

A

prostate, deep perineal muscles and penis

30
Q

what is the external urethral orifice

A

opening of the urethra to the exterior

31
Q

Accessory Sex Glands
______ are pouch-like structures, lying posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.

A

Seminal vesicles

32
Q

What secrete most of the liquid portion of semen?

A

Accessory sex glands

33
Q

(a) Seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins.
(b) The alkaline nature of the fluid helps to __________ of the male urethra and female reproductive tract that otherwise would inactivate and kill sperm.
(c) The fructose is used for ___ production by sperm.
(d) contribute to sperm motility and viability and may also stimulate muscular contraction within the female reproductive tract.
(e) Clotting proteins help semen coagulate after ejaculation. Fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles normally constitutes about ___% of the volume of semen.

A

(b) neutralize the acidic environment
(c) ATP
(d) Prostaglandins
(e) 60%

34
Q

The ____ is a single, doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a golf ball.
(a) It is inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the upper portion of the urethra. The prostate slowly increases in size from birth to puberty, and then it expands rapidly.
(b) The size attained by age __ remains stable until about age __, when further enlargement may occur.

A

Prostate
(b) 30, 45

35
Q

The prostate secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid (PH about __) that contains citric acid, which can be used by sperm for ATP production via the Krebs cycle; acid phosphatase (the function of which is unknown); and several protein- digesting enzymes, such as PSA.

(a) Prostatic secretions make up about ___% of the volume of semen.

A

PH of 6.5
(a) 25

36
Q

The volume of semen in a typical ejaculation is _____ milliliters, with _____ million sperm per milliliter.

1) When the number falls below ___ million per milliliter, the male is likely to be infertile.

A

2.5 to 5 ml
50 to 150 million
1) 20 million

37
Q

1) The slightly acidity of prostatic fluid, semen has a slightly alkaline pH of _____ due to the higher pH and larger volume of fluid from the seminal vesicles.
2) Prostatic secretion gives semen a milky appearance, and fluids from the seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands give it a sticky consistency.
3) Semen also contains an ______ that can destroy certain bacteria.
4) The antibiotic may help control the abundance of naturally occurring bacteria in the semen and in the lower female reproductive tract.

A

1) 7.2 to 7.7 PH
3) antibiotic

38
Q

Bulbourethral glands
(a) The paired bulbourethral glands are about the size of _____.
(b) They are located inferior to the prostate on either side of the urethra.
(c) During sexual arousal, the bulbourethral glands secrete an ________ into the urethra glands secrete an alkaline substance into the urethra that protects the passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra.
(d) They secrete mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra, thereby decreasing the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.

A

a) pea
c) alkaline substance

39
Q

what secretes mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra thereby decreasing the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.

A

Bulbourethral glands

40
Q

The body of the penis is composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue. The two dorsolateral masses are called the _______.
-The smaller midventral mass, the ___________, contains the urethra.

A

-corpora cavernosa penis
-corpus spongiosum penis

41
Q

Ejaculation, the powerful release of semen from the urethra to the exterior, is a ______ reflex coordinated by the _______ portion of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic
lumbar

42
Q

Covering the glans in an uncircumcised penis is the loosely fitting _____ or ____

A

prepuce or foreskin.

43
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic
1. Getting and maintaining an erection is _______
2. Ejaculation is _______

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. sympathetic
44
Q

At the onset of puberty, neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus increase their secretion of what?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

45
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase its secretion of what two hormones

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

46
Q

(1) The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the duct from the ______ and the _______.
(a) The short ejaculatory ducts carry sperm into the ________.

A

1) ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles
2) urethra

47
Q

What major part of the sperm contains the nuclear material (DNA) and an acrosome, a vesicle containing enzymes that aid penetration by the sperm cell into a secondary oocyte?

A

The head

Genitourinary Male (16 decks)

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