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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE > Structure And Properties Of Ceramics > Flashcards

Structure And Properties Of Ceramics Flashcards

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1
Q

inorganic and nonmetallic materials

A

Ceramic

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2
Q

between metallic and non-metallic elements which the interatomic bonds are either totally ionic or predominantly ionic but having some covalent character

A

Ceramic

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3
Q

greek word keramikos, which means

A

Burnt stuff

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4
Q

crystal structures are generally more complex than those for metals

A

Ceramics

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5
Q

Two characteristics of the component ions on crystalline ceramic materials influence the crystal structure

A

magnitude of the electrical charge
sizes of the cations and anions

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6
Q

Why is it that some or the ceramics are predominantly ionic?

A

There crystal structure is electrically charged

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7
Q

Common ceramic materials are those in which there are equal numbers of cations and anions

A

AX Compound

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8
Q

Most common AX compound crystal structure

A

Rock salt

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9
Q

coordination number for both cations and anions is 6

A

Rock salt

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10
Q

coordination number is 8 for both ion types

A

Cesium chloride

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11
Q

AX structure is one in which the coordination number is 4

A

Zinc Blende

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12
Q

charges on the cations and anions are not the same

A

AmXp

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13
Q

Interstitial positions

A

Tetrahedral
Octahedral

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14
Q

Four atoms (three in one plane, and a single one in the adjacent plane) surround one type

A

Tetrahedral position

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15
Q

involves six ion spheres, three in each of the two planes

A

Octahedral position

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16
Q

AmBnXp types, which is found for magnesium aluminate or spinel (MgAl2O4)

A

Spinel structure

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17
Q

composed primarily of silicon and oxygen

A

Silicate

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18
Q

2 most common abundant element in Earth’s crust

A

Silica
Oxygen

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19
Q

most simple silicate material

A

Silicon dioxide or silica

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20
Q

three primary polymorphic crystalline forms of silica

A

Quartz
Cristobalite
Tridymite

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21
Q

Silica that exist as noncrystalline solid or glass having a high degree of atomic randomness, which is characteristic of the liquid

A

Fussed Silica or vitreous silica

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22
Q

oxides (B2O3, GeO2) may also form glassy structures

A

Network former

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23
Q

oxide additives

A

Network modifier

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24
Q

oxides, such as TiO2 and Al2O3, substitute for silicon and become part of and stabilize the network

A

Intermediate

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25
addition _____________________ lowers the melting point and viscosity of a glass and makes it easier to form at lower temperatures
modifiers and intermediates
26
can be produced by the sharing of three oxygen ions in each of the tetrahedra
Layered silicate
27
ordinarily established by a second planar sheet structure having an excess of cations, which bond to these unbonded oxygen atoms from the Si2O5 sheet
Electroneutrality
28
basic structure is characteristic of the clays and other minerals
Sheet
29
Common clay mineral
Kaolinite
29
Common clay mineral
Kaolinite
30
made of a series of these double layers or sheets stacked parallel to each other and form small flat plates that are typically less than 1μm in diameter and nearly hexagonal
Crystal of kaolinite
31
Exist in 2 allopathic form
Carbon
32
Allopathic forms of carbon
Diamond Graphite
33
metastable carbon polymorph at room temperature and atmospheric pressure
Diamond
34
variant of the zinc blende structure in which carbon atoms occupy all positions
Diamond
35
structure of diamond is appropriately called?
diamond cubic crystal structure
36
stable polymorph at ambient temperature and pressure
Graphite
37
used to designate the types and concentrations of atomic defects in ceramics
Defect structure
38
state that exists when there are equal numbers of positive and negative charges from the ions
Electroneutrality
39
defect involves a cation–vacancy and a cation–interstitial pair
Frenkel defect
40
defect found in AX materials is a cation vacancy–anion vacancy pair
Schottky defect
41
created by removing one cation and one anion from the interior of the crystal and then placing them both at an external surface. Because the magnitude of the negative charge on the cation i
Schottky defect
42
state for ionic compounds wherein there is the exact ratio of cations to anions as predicted by the chemical formula
Stoichiometry
43
there is any deviation from this exact ratio
Nonstoichiometric
44
occur for some ceramic materials in which two valence (or ionic) states exist for one of the ion types
nonstiochiometric
45
What are the solid solution that the impurity atom can form in thr ceramic material?
Interstitial Substitutional
46
the ionic radius of the impurity must be relatively small in comparison to the anion
Interstitial
47
substitutes for the host ion to which it is most similar in an electrical sense
Substitutional
48
usually occurs by a vacancy mechanism in order to maintain charge neutrality in an ionic material
Diffusion
49
Vacancies
Occurs in pairs Form nonstoichiometric compound Created by substitutional impurities
50
One of the relatively simple ceramic phase diagrams
Aluminum oxide - chromium oxide
51
has the same form as the isomorphous copper–nickel phase diagram, consisting of single liquid-phase and single solid-phase regions separated by a two-phase solid–liquid region having the shape of a blade
Aluminum oxide - chromium oxide
52
it is frequently the case that the two components are compounds that share a common element
Binary-two component phase diagram
53
One eutectic and 2 eutectoid is found gor this system
Zirconium oxide - calcium oxide
54
zirconia material having a calcia content within the range cited
Partially stabilize zirconia
55
Principle constituent of ceramui refactories
Silica and alumina
56
consists of the formation and propagation of cracks through the cross section of material in a direction perpendicular to the applied load
Brittle fracture process
57
Crack growth in crystalline ceramics:
Transgranular Intergranular
58
cracks propagate along specific crystallographic (or cleavage) planes, planes of high atomic density
Transgranular fracture
59
measure of a ceramic material’s ability to resist fracture when a crack is present
Fracture toughness
60
fracture of ceramic materials occur by the slow propagation of cracks, when stresses are static in nature
Static fracture
61
This type of fracture is especially sensitive to environmental conditions, specifically when moisture is present in the atmosphere.
Static fatigue
62
occurs at the crack tips
Stress corrosion process
63
involves examining the path of crack propagation, as well as microscopic features of the fracture surface.
Fractographic study
64
indicative of whether the ceramic piece was excessively weak or the in-service stress was greater than anticipated
Stress magnitude
65
crack surface that formed during the initial acceleration stage of propagation is flat and smooth
Mirror region
66
Surface features:
Mist Hackle
67
faint annular region just outside the mirror
Mist
68
beyond the mist
Hackle
69
has an even rougher texture
Hackle
70
composed of a set of striations or lines that radiate away from the crack source in the direction of crack propagation
Hackle
71
arc shaped, and they provide information regarding stress distributions and directions of crack propagation
Wallner line
72
stress at fracture using this flexure test
Fractural strength
73
modulus of rupture, fracture strength, or bend strength, an important mechanical parameter for brittle ceramics
Fractural strength
74
occurs by the motion of dislocations.
Plastic deformation
75
Reasons why ceramics are brittle
Covalent bond is strong Limited number of slip Dislocation structure is complex
76
measure of a noncrystalline material’s resistance to deformation
Viscosity
77
For some ceramic fabrication techniques, the precursor material is in the form of
Powder
78
deleterious to the flexural strength for two reasons: (1) pores reduce the cross-sectional area across which a load is applied, and (2) they also act as stress concentrators—for an isolated spherical pore, an applied tensile stress is amplified by a factor of 2
Porosity
79
It is used to measure the hardness of the ceramic
Knoop and vicker technique
80
deformation as a result of exposure to stresses (usually compressive) at elevated temperatures
Creep

FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE (5 decks)

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