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2) Introductory Microbiology COPY > Structure & Function: Procaryotes vs. Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Structure & Function: Procaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three properties of ALL cells?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Evolution
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2
Q

What are the four properties of SOME cells?

A
  • Differentiation
  • Communication
  • Genetic exchange
  • Motility
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3
Q

What are colonies?

A

Visible mass of microorganisms that originate from the same mother cell; grow in a medium (ex: agar)

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4
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

1) Genetic (replication, transcription, translation)

2) Catalytic (energy, biosyntheses)

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5
Q

Define metabolism.

A

Cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel waste

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6
Q

Define growth.

A

Nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells.

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7
Q

Define evolution.

A

Cells evolve to display new properties.

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8
Q

Define differentiation.

A

Some cells can form new cell structures, such as a spore

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9
Q

What is a spore?

A
  • Differentiated cell
  • Can’t replicate
  • Doesn’t have metabolic function
  • Dormant, waiting for conditions to improve so it can replicate again
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10
Q

Define communication.

A

Cells interact with each other by chemical messages

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11
Q

Define genetic exchange.

A

Cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms

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12
Q

Define motility.

A

Some cells are capable of self-propulsion (ex: flagellum)

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13
Q

What is the size of a typical animal cell?

A

2 to > 100 um

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14
Q

What is the size of archaea?

A

< 2 um

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15
Q

What is the size of a bacterial cell?

A

< 2 um

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16
Q

What is the range in size of viruses?

A

< 1 um (100 nm)

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17
Q

If the cell size increases, what happens to the surface volume?

A

Decreases

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18
Q

What is the problem with the decreasing surface volume in a cell?

A
  • If the volume is too big, there will not be enough exchange with the outside environment
  • At that point, you will not be able to carry out enough enzymatic actions to keep the increased mass
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19
Q

What do cells do when they are limited in surface volume ratio?

A

They will divide in two to attempt to increase surface volume

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20
Q

What affects the size and surface volume ratio?

A

The shape of the cell (rod or sphere)

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21
Q

What is the size limit of cells? (minimum and maximum diameter)

A

0.5 um - 750 um in diameter

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22
Q

What are the two main differences between procaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Procaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, unlike eukaryotes

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23
Q

What is a plasmid? Where are they found?

A
  • Small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently
  • Generally found in bacteria, sometimes found in Eukaryotes and Archaea
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24
Q

What are the three functions of the cell membrane?

A

1) Permeability barrier
2) Protein anchor
3) Energy conservation

25
Q

What does the permeability barrier function of the cell membrane do?

A

Prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into and and wastes out of the cell

26
Q

What does the protein anchor function of the cell membrane do?

A

Site of many proteins that participate in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis

27
Q

What does the energy conservation function of the cell membrane do?

A

Site of generation and use of the proton motive force

28
Q

What is the ratio of proteins to lipids in the cell membrane?

A

50% or less

29
Q

Name different types of membrane proteins.

A
  • Sensors
  • Adhesins
  • Transporters
  • Enzymes
30
Q

Are membranes rigid or fluid?

A

Fluid, called the “Fluid Mosaic”

31
Q

What are the three chemical parts of the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • Glycerol-Phosphate group
  • X-group (attached to phosphate)
  • Fatty acid group (attached to glycerol)
32
Q

In bacteria and eukarya, what is the R group that is attached to the glycerol-phosphate group? What type of linkage attaches it to glycerol?

A
  • Fatty acid group

- Ester linkage

33
Q

In archaea, what is the R group that is attached to the glycerol-phosphate group? What type of linkage attaches it to glycerol?

A
  • Isoprene (lipid)

- Ether linkage

34
Q

Archaea cells are known to live in extreme conditions. How does that influence their membranes?

A

Need to strengthen their membranes, more stability and force

35
Q

Which microorganism has a lipid monolayer?

A

Archaea

36
Q

How are lipid monolayers in Archaea produced? What is this called?

A
  • 2 glycerol-phosphate parts are linked together by their isoprene chains
  • Diglycerol tetraesther
37
Q

Which membrane structure is even more rigid than diglycerol tetraether?

A

Crenarchaeol

38
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells stabilized by?

A

Sterol: polar head, rigid planar steroid ring structure and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail

39
Q

What stabilizes animal cells?

A

Cholesterol

40
Q

What stabilizes fungi?

A

Ergosterol

41
Q

What stabilizes plant cells and some protozoans?

A

Stigmasterol

42
Q

What stabilizes bacteria and archaea?

A
  • Sterols are ABSENT
  • Bacteria: hopanoids
  • Archaea: not very clear, lots of variation
43
Q

In terms of DNA storage, which microorganisms possesses double-stranded circular molecules? Which has double-stranded linear molecules?

A

Bacteria & Archaea: circular

Eukarya: linear

44
Q

In terms of DNA storage, which microorganism is generally diploid? Which is generally haploid?

A

Bacteria & Archaea: haploid (one copy)

Eukarya: diploid (two copies)

45
Q

What proteins are DNA in Bacteria and Archaea packaged with? What does it aggregate to form?

A
  • H-NS and other Histone-like protein

- Nucleoid (space in the cytoplasm)

46
Q

What proteins are DNA in Eukarya packaged with? What does it form? Where does it go?

A
  • Histones
  • Forms chromatin fibers (chromosomes)
  • Into the nucleus
47
Q

Where is the ribosomal RNA encoded on in Bacteria and Archaea?

A

On the chromosome

48
Q

What does the nucleolus contain in Eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA, ribosomal proteins, immature ribosome

49
Q

In Procaryotes, the ribosome is free in the _______ or attached to ________

A
  • cytoplasm

- cytoplasmic membrane

50
Q

In Eukaryotes, the ribosome is free in the _______ or attached to ________

A
  • cytoplasm

- endoplasmic reticulum

51
Q

What are ribosomes composed of? What is their role?

A
  • Composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins

- Translates mRNA into amino acid chains to form proteins

52
Q

What are the two subunits that compose the ribosome of Procaryotes?

A

30S + 50S = 70S

53
Q

What are the two subunits that compose the ribosome of Eukaryotes?

A

40S + 60S = 80S

54
Q

What is the S in terms of ribosomes?

A
  • Svedberg unit

- Describes the rate of sedimentation of a particle in an ultracentrifuge (relationship is not linear)

55
Q

Define an organelle.

A

Organized or specialized structures within the living cells surrounded by a membrane

56
Q

What is the energy source for the flagella of bacteria?

A

PMF

57
Q

What is the energy source for the flagella of archaea?

A

ATP

58
Q

What is the energy source for the flagella of eukarya?

A

ATP

59
Q

What are the cytoskeleton filaments for procaryotes?

A

Provided by the cell wall

2) Introductory Microbiology COPY (24 decks)

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