Structuring Practice and Feedback Flashcards
Lecture 28/29
Factors that influence the quality and effectiveness of practice
-motivation (goal setting)
-instruction (demonstration and modelling)
-mental practice (how and when to use it)
Outcome goals
-targets for performance that focus on the end result
-good for elite athletes
EX: win the stanley cup
Advantages of outcome goals
-easy to measure (won or didn’t)
-provides a “vision”
-inspire
Limitations of outcome goals
-easily affected by external factors
-no clear “path” to get there
-may not be realistic
Performance goals
-focus on improving a specific aspect of performance
-good for individual or amateur learners
EX: improve pass completion (football) rate to 60%
Advantages of performance goals
-not as effected by extrinsic factors
-narrow focus
Limitations of performance goals
-may not directly alter outcome
Process goals
-focus on quality of movement production (technique)
EX: proper squat technique
Advantages of process goals
-directly link movement
-very targeted and specific
-good for early learning
Put goals in order of effectiveness for;
a) elite athletes
b) amateur athletes
c) early learners
a) outcome goals
b) performance goals
c) process goals
Limitations of process goals
-narrow perception
mental practice
-practice of a motor skill (in your mind), in the absence of overt movement
What is mental practice good for?
-visualizing how to perform a task well in the target environment
Massed practice
-rest btwn sessions is brief
-discrete and serial tasks
-high cognitive demand
EX: training camp (football) twice a day
Distributed practice
-rest btwn sessions is long
-continuous tasks
-low cognitive demand
EX: training for a marathon
Longer periods of rest often lead to…
improved performance during practice
Noticeable differences (short rest/long rest) are generally __________ at retention
reduced (longer breaks = better retention)
Blocked practice
-all trials of a task are completed before moving onto a new one
Random practice
-practice different skills in random order
Which type of practice outperforms in practice?
Blocked (outperforms random)
-better in short term learning
Which type of practice outperforms in retention?
Random (outperforms blocked)
-better for long term learning, despite lower performance in practice
Can too much modelling be bad for learners?
Yes
Why is random practice better for retaining?
-requires the learner to be engaged b/c elements of practice change constantly
-increases strength of motor memories
-forget short-term solutions (have to generate “new” solution each time)
Constant practice
-similar to blocked
-individuals practice one variation of a skill repeatedly before moving on to a new skill
