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Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Soil

A

A blanket of loose material that covers the majority of the Earths land surface. It’s a dynamic mixture of minerals, decaying plants and animals (organic matter), microorganisms, water, and air

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2
Q

What fraction of a good, productive soil is pore space and what fraction is soilds?

A

% of each

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3
Q

What are the four components of soil and what % of each is found in a good/ideal soil?

A

25% air, 25% water 5% om 45% minerals

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4
Q

Why are pore spaces important?

A

for water movement

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5
Q

What is organic matter and why is it important?

A

It’s the decomposition of dead plants and animals. It’s important b/c its rich in nutrients and is responsible for half of the cation-exchange capacity of a soil.

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6
Q

What is soil texture? What are the three particle size classes in soil?

A

Three classes: sand, silt, and clay. Sand is biggest and clay is smallest

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7
Q

Which has the greatest overall pore space and can hold the most water?

A

Clay

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8
Q

Which has large pore sizes and drains very quickly?

A

sand

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9
Q

which is the ideal soil texture for most plants?

A

loam

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10
Q

What is cation exchange capacity and why is it important?

A

It’s the relative capacity of the soil to attract and hold nutrients (cations) on the surface of the soil particles.

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11
Q

What is soil pH?

A

Its the measure of its acidity or alkalinity

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12
Q

What is the optimum pH range for most horticultural crops?

A

5-7

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13
Q

Name two cultivated plant species that have an optimum soil pH of 4.5-5.5

A

azalea and potato

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14
Q

essential elements for organic nutrients

A

C, H, O

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15
Q

essential elements for primary macronutrients

A

N, P, K

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16
Q

Secondary macronutrients

A

Ca, Mg, S

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17
Q

Micronutrients

A

B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni

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18
Q

Which organic material will decompose more quickly?

A

Plants w/low C:N ratio will decompose quickly

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19
Q

Why can adding organic material w/a high C:N ratio cause a decrease in available N in soil?

A

B/c the N from the soil is tied up by the organisms which causes decomposition

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20
Q

What do the three #s on a fertilizer bag stand for?

A

N, P, K (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash)

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21
Q

Balanced fertilizer

A

all three #s are the same

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22
Q

Complete fertilizer

A

Contain all 3 elements in varying amounts

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23
Q

Single element fertilizer

A

Contain only one of the 3 major nutrients

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24
Q

List four forms in which fertilizers can be applied

A

Liquids, soluble powders, granules, and tablets

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25
What do you add to the soil to raise pH? What can be added to lower pH?
Lime to raise sulfur to lower
26
name five advantages of using mulch
Conserves moisture, stabilizes soil temp, suppression of weed growth, erosion control, ad winter protection
27
Name two perennial vegetables
asparagus and rhubarb
28
Name two biennial vegetables that are treated as annuals
beets and carrots
29
name four annual vegetable crops
peppers, squash, beans
30
What is the optimum temp for growth of cool season crops and 3 exs.
60-75 | peas, potatoes, and beets
31
What is the optimum temp for growth of warm season crops and 3 exs.
80-95 | tomatoes, peppers, and corn
32
Fruit of vegetable
beans and tomato
33
Edible vegetable seeds
Peas and sunflower
34
Root ex.
carrots and sweet potatoes
35
Bulbs
Modified stem, tightly surrounded by leafy scales. Onions and garlic
36
Tubers and rhizomes
Large fleshy storage stems, usually below ground. ex. potato and ginger
37
Above-ground stems
Usually the petiole of leafy vegetables. High in fiber and water. ex. celery and as[aragus
38
Leaves
Vegetables grow for their 'greens'. high in fiber and vitamins. ex. lettuce and brussel sprouts
39
flowers
usually green; high in fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. ex. broccoli and cauliflower
40
Frost-free period
Avg. # of says from the last spring frost to earliest fall frost
41
Days to maturity
of days from either seed (or transplant) to the time the crop is ready for harvest
42
To increase production of leafy vegetables, fertilizer high in what nutrient should be applied?
Nitrogen
43
To increase production of roots or fruits, fertilizer high in what nutrients should be applied?
Potassium and phosphorus
44
Succession cropping
planting vegetables seeds several weeks apart to ensure maturation at different times and therefore continuous harvest
45
Block gardening
a form of vegetable gardening that involves planting vegetables in groups of blocks rather than rows
46
Hill
a group of seeds planted close together; hill planting is common for melons and squash
47
Interplanting
sowing seeds of a quick-maturing vegetable w/seeds of a slower one or between transplants; the fast-maturing vegetable is then harvested before it begins to crowd the main crop
48
Thinning
removal of excess seedlings that are spaced too closely for best growth
49
What is mulching and why is it important?
Mulch is a layer of plant-derived or synthetic material laid on the soil surface over the roots of plants. It reduced the time spent weeding and helps the plant.
50
What is crop rotation and why is it important
The planting of crops in different areas of the garden every year. It deters the buildup of disease organisms and insects associated w/a particular crop
51
cover crop
Used to maintain fertility in established vegetable gardens
52
Green manure crop
Used to improve poor soil before a garden is planted
53
Top 3 vegetable crops in the U.S.?
corn, soybeans, wheat
54
What are three major factors that determine what species of tree fruits/nuts can be grown?
Climate, property size, expected maintenance time
55
Which requires more sunlight, fruit or nut trees
fruit needs more
56
Is it better to grow fruit trees on a slope or in a valley? why?
grow on upper part of slope to protect against frost injury
57
When selecting species and cultivars of tree fruits/nuts, what factors should be considered?
Winter hardiness, required fruit maturity period, disease resistance, fruit use, fruit appearance, pollination requirements
58
What are the approximate height ranges (in ft.) for standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf trees?
Standard: 20-25 ft across 25 ft tall Semi-dwarf: 10-15 ft. tall Dwarf: 5-12 ft tall
59
Why is pruning of fruit trees important?
So you can have strong branches that are capable of supporting heavy weight of fruit
60
Name three pruning styles that used for fruit trees
1. Central leader 2. modified 3. vase form or open center form
61
Name four reasons why a fruit tree may fail to bear fruit
1. age 2. pollination problems 3. insufficient winter chilling 4. insufficient sunlight 5. frost or rain during pollination
62
Name two types of fruits that are part of a group called brambles
Blackberries and raspberries
63
What type of blackberry does better in the south?
Trailing types grow better in south
64
What is different about the fruit of blackberries compared to the fruit of raspberries
When blackberries are picked the center core remains with the berry, but when raspberries are picked the center core remains on the plant.
65
What two small/bush fruits like acid soils
blueberries and cranberries
66
Name two fruit species that do well in Northern U.S. but don't like the heat of the south
Currants and gooseberries
67
What type of grapes grow best in the south
Fresh-american hybrid
68
What is the difference between spring bearing and everbearing types of strawberries
Everbearing types produce lightly throughout the summer until fall.
69
xeriscaping?
landscaping with drought tolerant plants
70
Hybrid tea roses
Large blossoms produced singly on moderate-sized, bushy plants
71
Floribunda rose
Bear their blooms in clusters through summer and have blooms generally smaller than those of teas
72
Grandiflora rose
cross between floribundas and hybrid teas
73
climbing rose
have long canes that grow from the base of the plant. very large and trained along fences and garde
74
tree rose
hybrid tea, grandiflora, or floribunda roses. They are grafted on to long-cane hardy species to achieve a tree form
75
Name four aesthetic benefits of using indoor plants
fill in gaps, fragrance, window displays, brighten up areas
76
Other than aesthetics, what benefit is provided by indoor plants?
Provide improved indoor air quality
77
What 5 indoor environmental conditions must be considered when choosing indoor plants?
light, temp, humidity, water quality, containerization, and air circulation
78
How does insufficient light affect houseplants? How does too much light affect houseplants?
Low light levels can lead to a decline in health (of plant). too much light can lead to scorching of foliage
79
Why can warmer night temps inside (compared to outside) negatively affect plants?
B/c plants dont need as many fluctuations. and it produces lower carb reserves and less energy for new growth
80
What is the min. humidity level for most houseplants?
40%
81
name two ways to increase humidity levels near houseplants
mist plants daily OR place on a tray of damp gravel
82
What chemicals in tap water can affect plant growth?
Chlorine, sodium or fluoride
83
How does limited air circulation affect indoor plants?
Less movement of O and CO2
84
What plant characteristics should be considered when choosing house plants?
General attractiveness, appearance and size at maturity, growth cycle, and growth rate
85
Name 3 foliage plants
Zebra plant, rubber plant, and spider plant
86
Name 3 flowering plants
African violet, cycleman, hibiscus
87
Do more houseplants die from overwatering or from drought?
die from overwatering
88
What do brown leaf tips and margins indicate?
Indicates that the compost/soil or atmosphere is too dry
89
Fertilizer with what two nutrients is best to encourage flowering?
Phosphorous and Potassium
90
What nutrient encourages foliage growth?
Nitrogen

Horticulture (4 decks)

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