Study Guide: Chapter 7

Question 1

2nd leading cause of death in U.S.

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

There are more than __________ different subtypes of cancer.

Answer 2

100

Question 3

What percent of cancer deaths are linked to smoking?

Answer 3

30%

Question 4

What is the average time lag between the rise in number of smokers and the rise in cancer rates?

Answer 4

20 years

Question 5

For how many of the 8 leading causes of death is tobacco a risk factor?

Answer 5

6/8

Question 6

About 50% of cancers could be preventable and are linked to what?

Answer 6

1) Smoking
2) Poor diet
3) Inactivity

Question 7

What is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.?

Answer 7

smoking

Question 8

What are the top 4 most frequent cancers (most incidence) for men/women?

Answer 8

1) Prostate (men)/breast (women)
2) Lung or bronchus
3) Colorectal
4) Bladder (men)/uterus (women)

Question 9

What are the top four cancers that cause the most deaths?

Answer 9

1) Lung/bronchus
2) Colorectal (men)/ breast (women)
3) Prostate (men)/Colorectal (women)
4) Pancreatic

Question 10

What are two cancers that are especially lethal?

Answer 10

Pancreatic and lung cancer

Question 11

What are three cancers that have a good prognosis?

Answer 11

1) thyroid
2) melanoma
3) Hodgkins

Question 12

True or false: There has been less progress overall in decreasing cancer incidence and death compared with to other top killers.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What type of therapies have recently shown a lot of promise in cancer treatment?

Answer 13

Immunotherapies

Question 14

overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose

Answer 14

neoplasm

Question 15

neoplasm mass of cells

Answer 15

tumor

Question 16

general term for any type of malignant growth/tumor

Answer 16

cancer

Question 17

noncancerous growth, stays localized

Answer 17

benign

Question 18

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?

Answer 18

90%

Question 19

What percentage of cancers are sarcomas?

Answer 19

2%

Question 20

What percentage of cancers are leukemias?

Answer 20

8%

Question 21

What is the key defining distinction between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 21

Behavior

Question 22

Why do tumors occur in epithelium more than in connective tissues?

Answer 22

Because epithelial cells divide quickly and therefore repair themselves more frequently, allowing more opportunities for error.

Question 23

Root cause of all neoplasms

Answer 23

DNA damage

Question 24

By which route do carcinomas primarily spread?

Answer 24

Through lymphatic vessels (so lymph node biopsies are used to see how far it has spread)

Question 25

What is the THE primary reason cancer causes death/

Answer 25

Metastasis

Question 26

by which route do sarcomas generally metastasize?

Answer 26

Bloodstream

Question 27

To which location do sarcomas often metastasize?

Answer 27

Lungs

Question 28

True or false: Leukemias can form solid tumors.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

The proportion of cells actively dividing in a tumor

Answer 29

Tumor growth fraction (TGF)

Question 30

True or false: How fast cells divide is more important for determining tumor growth than how many cells are dividing.

Answer 30

False

Question 31

True or false: Chemo works best on tumors with high TGF (tumor growth fraction).

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Why do leukemias and lymphomas grow so quickly?

Answer 32

They have high TGF

Question 33

Why are cancerous tissue stem cells more difficult to treat than differentiated tissue cells?

Answer 33

1) Provide continual source for more cancer cells | 2) They do not divide frequently, so are relatively resistant to chemo

Question 34

What types of rays are 90% of skin cancers due to?

Answer 34

UVb (sunlight)

Question 35

What types of rays are particularly dangerous for causing melanoma?

Answer 35

UVa (tanning bed)

Question 36

What is the most common cancer in the U.S.? What percentage of adults will get it?

Answer 36

Skin cancer; 50%

Question 37

What are the 5 main etiologic factors in neoplastic disease?

Answer 37

1. Viruses 2) Gene and chromosome abnormalities 3) Failure of immune defense 4) Heredity 5) Chemical carcinogens

Question 38

What percentage of cancers contain p53 mutations/

Answer 38

half

Question 39

How many gene copies must be mutated to inactivate p53?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

True or false: Heredity is usually a big factor in most cancers.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

True or false: Most breast cancers involve known genetic mutations.

Answer 41

False (80-90% do not)

Question 42

What are the three most frequent mutations in cancer?

Answer 42

1) p53 (TS) 2) ras (proto-oncogene) 3) myc (both TS and proto-oncogene)