Study Guide - Lecture Test 2

Question 1

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 1

The concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

Question 2

Which transport mechanisms requite ATP and which do not?

Answer 2

Require ATP - Primary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
Does not require ATP - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Question 3

What is the plasma membrane made up of? What is the main component?

Answer 3

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and sugar. The main component is phospholipids.

Question 4

How does the size of a molecule affect its rate of diffusion?

Answer 4

The larger the molecule, the slower the diffusion rate.

Question 5

How does a lipid soluble molecule enter into a cell?

Answer 5

Simple diffusion

Question 6

What structures are found on the apical surface of intestinal cells to aid absorption? How do they aid absorption?

Answer 6

Microvilli. They increase the surface area.

Question 7

How does facilitated diffusion work?

Answer 7

Substances use carrier or channel proteins to cross the membrane

Question 8

What organelle contains digestive enzymes?

Answer 8

Lysosomes

Question 9

What organelle is the site of ATP synthesis?

Answer 9

Mitochondria

Question 10

What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

Answer 10

Ribosomes

Question 11

Where are proteins bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 11

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 12

Where are proteins packaged for secretion?

Answer 12

Golgi Apparatus

Question 13

What is isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic?

Answer 13

Isotonic - has same solute and water concentrations as inside cell. Causes no visible changes.
Hypertonic - Contains more solutes than inside cells. Cells begin to shrink.
Hypotonic - Contains fewer solutes than inside cells. Cells will plump.

Question 14

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 14

Cells engulf tiny droplets of liquid from their surroundings.

Question 15

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 15

Cell engulfs and takes in solid matter.

Question 16

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Answer 16

Strengthen the membrane.

Question 17

Is a cell membrane permeable, non-permeable, or semi-permeable?

Answer 17

Semi-permeable

Question 18

What process occurs when you open a bottle of perfume and can later smell in the whole room?

Answer 18

Simple diffusion

Question 19

What organelle synthesis proteins to be secreted from cell or inserted into cell membrane?

Answer 19

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

What organelle is involved in lipid metabolism and drug detoxification?

Answer 20

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 21

The cell in the epidermis that activates the immune system?

Answer 21

Epidermal dendritic cells

Question 22

Which layer of skin is avascular?

Answer 22

Epidermis

Question 23

How does the extracellular matrix of connective tissue differ from that of epithelium?

Answer 23

Extracellular matrix in connective tissue - fibers (elastic, collagenous, reticular) and ground substance (gel-like substance composed of polysaccharides)
Epithelial - little extracellular material

Question 24

Where are intracellular fluids? What is it made up of?

Answer 24

Interior of the cell. Made up of nucleoplasm and cytosol.

Question 25

Where are extracellular fluids? What is it made up of?

Answer 25

Fluid on the exterior of the cell. Contains nutrients, hormones, salts, and water products

Question 26

What is the region of hair within a follicle called?

Answer 26

Root

Question 27

What is the region of hair above the skin called?

Answer 27

Shaft

Question 28

Where are sister chromatids held together after DNA replication?

Answer 28

Centromere

Question 29

What is semiconservative replication of DNA?

Answer 29

New DNA molecule is composed of one original DNA strand and a new synthesized DNA strand

Question 30

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

Answer 30

Insulates, stores energy, and cushions organs

Question 31

What is the makeup of each RNA nucleotide? What kinds of sugars, phosphate groups, and bases?

Answer 31

5 carbon ribose sugar phosphate group adenine, uracil, cytocine, guanine

Question 32

Given a sequence of DNA, determine the sequence on the complimentary DNA strand.

Answer 32

Adenine pairs with Thymine. Guanine pairs with Cytocine.

Question 33

What is the order of mitosis?

Answer 33

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 34

What directs the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division?

Answer 34

Centrioles

Question 35

What is translation and transcription?

Answer 35

Translation - DNA to RNA. Occurs in nucleus. Transcription - mRNA to protein. Occurs in cytoplasm

Question 36

What part of the plasma membrane is in contact with interstitial fluids?

Answer 36

Phospholipic head

Question 37

What kind of tissue do you find in the walls of the kidney tubules?

Answer 37

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Question 38

What kind of tissue do you find on the palms of the hands?

Answer 38

Stratified Squamous

Question 39

What kind of tissue is characterized by intercalated discs?

Answer 39

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 40

What kind of muscle tissue does not have striations?

Answer 40

Smooth muscle tissue

Question 41

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

Answer 41

Osteon

Question 42

What type of tissue is found in the wall of the urinary bladder?

Answer 42

Smooth muscle tissue

Question 43

What kind of fibers allow connective tissue to stretch and then return to its original shape?

Answer 43

Elastic fibers

Question 44

What do neurons do?

Answer 44

Transmit information

Question 45

What do glial cells to?

Answer 45

Provide support and protection.

Question 46

What type of tissue is designed for rapid diffusion and filtration?

Answer 46

Simple Squamous

Question 47

What is the main difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

Answer 47

Exocrine - consists of ducts and secretes enzymes Endocrine - ductless glands that secrete hormones

Question 48

Where are the dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis?

Answer 48

Top to bottom of skin - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 49

What does columnar epithelium look like? Cuboidal? Simple squamous? Transitional? Pseudostratified?

Answer 49

Columnar - enlongated cells. Nuclei near basement membrane Cuboidal - cube shaped cells. Simlple Squamous - single layer of flat cells. Pseudostratified - all cells touch basement membrane, nuclei at various levels.

Question 50

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

Answer 50

Connective tissue

Question 51

Where is the basement membrane?

Answer 51

Below epithelium

Question 52

What are the final products of mitosis?

Answer 52

2 genetically identical daughter cells that have all 23 pairs of chromosomes in their nucleus

Question 53

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the small intestine?

Answer 53

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 54

What epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

Answer 54

Stratum lucidum

Question 55

What is a group of cells similar in structure and function called?

Answer 55

Tissue

Question 56

What layer of skin contains stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 56

Epidermis

Question 57

What are bone cells called?

Answer 57

osteocytes

Question 58

What are cartilage cells called?

Answer 58

Chondrocytes

Question 59

Which membrane lines the digestive tract and respiratory tracts?

Answer 59

Mucous membrane

Question 60

Know the five layers of epidermis and in order.

Answer 60

Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum

Question 61

What epidermal layer produces keratinocytes?

Answer 61

Stratum Basale

Question 62

What is the main skin pigment? What are other sources of skin pigment?

Answer 62

Melanin. Environmental and psychological factors

Question 63

What is the water proofing protein on hair, skin and nails called?

Answer 63

Keratin

Question 64

Which membrane covers the surface of the heart? Lung? Intestines?

Answer 64

Viseral pericardium, viseral plerua, viseral peritoneum

Question 65

Which membrane lines the abdominal cavity? Lung cavity? Heart cavity?

Answer 65

Parietal peritoneum, parietal pleura, parietal pericardium

Question 66

Match the phase of the cell cycle with the even that it occurs - DNA replication, DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes, chromosomes line up at the equator, daughter chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell, divides into two daughter cells.

Answer 66

Interphase - DNA replication Prophase - DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at the equator Anaphase - Daughter chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell Cytokensis - divides into two daughter cells.