Study Guide - Lecture Test 6 Flashcards by Rachel Brenner

Function of tonsils

Lymphatic tissue; plays a role in protecting body from infection

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Function of larynx

Voice box - vocal cords. Contains epiglottis - routes food and air into proper channels

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Function of trachea

Windpipe; C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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Function of primary bronchi

Directs air into lungs

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Function of secondary bronchi

Directs air into lobes

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Function of pleural fluid

Allows long membranes to easily guide past each other, reducing friction

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What happens during inspiration?

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
Volume increases
As volume increases, the gas pressure in the lungs decreases

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What happens during expiriation?

Passive process because it does not involve muscle contraction
As muscle relaxes, pressure in the lungs becomes greater than atmopsheric pressure

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What happens during external respiration?

Movement of O2 and CO2 between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
-O2 moves out of alveoli into blood capillaries
-CO2 moves out of capillaries into alveoli

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How are oxygen and CO2 carried in the blood?

Oxygen
–90% transported bound to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
CO2
–Most transported in plasma
–20% carried in RBC bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

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What happens during internal respiration?

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
-O2 moves from systempic capillaries into tissue cells
-CO2 moves from tissue cells into the systemic capillaries

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What is cellular respiration?

Cornerstone of all energy producing chemical reactions
Occurs in nearly all cells
Final products are CO2 and ATP

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Natural factors controlling respiration

Medulla oblongota - sets basic breathing rhythm
Pons - smooths transitions between inhalation and exhalation

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Chemical factors controlling respiration

High CO2 levels - rate and depth of breathing increase
O2 levels - low O2 message sent to medulla oblongota

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Function of conchae

Increase surface area of the nasal mucosa and increase turbulance in the nasal cavity to promote air filiration

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Sinus locations

Sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal
Pain behind the eye comes from sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

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Function of mouth

Mechanical digestion - mastication

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Function of phaynx

Food moves by perstalsis

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What are the two stomach sphincters?

Cardioesophageal - between esophagus and stomach
Pyloric - between stomach and duodenum

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Function of gastric rugae

Allows stomach to distend

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Gastric pit glands and their products

Chief cells - pepsinogen
Parietal cells - HCl

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Function of small intestine

Site of most nutrient absorption

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Parts of small intestine

Duodenum - receives bile and pancreatic juices
Jejunum
Ileum

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Function of large intestine

Absorption of water and salts

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Parts of large intestine

Cecum Colon - ascending, transverse, descending Sigmoid - directs food into rectum

Accessory digestive organs

Teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Anatomy of teeth

Enamel - hardest substance in the body Dentin - bulk of internal part of tooth Cementum - surrounds the root and anchors tooth to periodontal ligament Pulp cavity - contains blood vessels and nerves Crown - part of tooth above gumline Root - part of tooth below gumline

Types of teeth and their functions

Molars - grind food Canine - tearing Incision - cutting

Number of teeth in adults and babies

Baby - 20 Adult - 32

Function of pancreas

Produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods; aso an endocrine function - produces insulin and glucagon

Function of liver

Largest gland in the body; produces bile; elmulsifies fat

Function of gallbladder

Stores bile

Layers of alimentary canal

Mucosa - innermost Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa

Function of calcyes

Funnel urine from pyramids to renal pelvis

Renal pelvis

Funnel shaped tube that carries urine from a kidney to ureter

Nephrons

Structural and functional unit of kidney

Structure of nephron

Renal corpuscle -glomerulus - glomerular capillaries -golmerular capsule Renal Tubule -proximal convoluted tubule -distal convoluted tubule

Function of peritubular capillaries

Reabsorb water and nutrients from filtrate

Urine formation

1. Filration - first process in urine formation; fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule 2. Reabsorption - needed substances are taken up by the peritubular capillaries from the filtrate 3. Secretion - substances are secreted bac into filtrate to be excreted

Ureters

Carry urine from kidney to bladder

Urethra

Carry urine from bladder to outside of body Mucosal lining protects from acidic urine

Location and function of osmorereceptors

Location - hypothalamus Function - dectect minor changes in plasma solute concentration

Location of water in body

Intracellular - majority of body water Extracellular - plasma and interstitial fluid

Internal and external urethral sphincters and roles of each

Internal - involuntary; keeps urethra closed when not urinating External - voluntary; consiously relaxed while voiding the bladder

Aldosterone

Acts on the kidney tubules to stimulate sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion secretion

ADH

Acts on the collection ducts to stimulate water reabsorption; concentrates urine

Function of chemical buffers in blood

Prevent dramatic changes in pH

Renal mechanisms to control blood pH

When pH increases - bicarbonate ions are excreted and hydrogen ions are retained When pH decreases - bicarbonate ions are retains and hydrogen ions are excreted

Primary sex organs for male and female

Male - testes Female - ovaries

Gamates of male and female

Male - sperm Female - ova (egg)

Function of seminiferious tubules

Sperm production

Function of interstitial cells

Testosterone production

Function of epididymis

Maturation and storage of sperm

Function of ductus deferens

Carries sperm out of scrotum into the ejaculatory duct

Male accessory glands

Seminal vesicles - 60% of seminal fluid Prostate - helps to activate sperm Bulbourethral glands - lubricates and cleanses urethra Semen - sperm and gland secretions

What is spermatogensis and the end result?

Sperm production. 4 sperm cells that are not identical

What is spermatogonia?

Sperm stem cell

How long is sperm viable?

48 hours

Function of ovarian follciles

Produce estrogen

Function of corpus luteum

Produces progesterone; secreted during second two weeks of cycle

Function of uterine tubes

Site of fertilization

Layers of uterus

Endometrium - sloughed off during mensis; site of egg implatation Myometrium Perimetrium

Cervix

Part of the uterus projecting into the vagina

Function of oogensis

Production of ova

What is oogonia?

Ovary primary stem cell

How are primary oocytes formed?

Oogonia muliply rapidly to produce the daughter cells

How is secondary oocyte formed?

Arises from first meiotic division

What protects the egg?

Zona pellucide and corona radiata

What happens during ovulation?

Happens on day 14; LH surge follows

Blastocyst

Ball of cells that implants in the uterine lining

Function of oxytocin

Stimulates parturition

When does menses occur?

Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease