Study Guide - Lecture Test 3

Question 1

Long Bones

Answer 1

-Typically longer than it is wide
-Femur, humerus, metacarpals, phlanges

Question 2

Short Bones

Answer 2

-Generally cube-shaped
-Carpals, tarsals, patella

Question 3

Flat Bones

Answer 3

-Thin, flattened, and usually curved
-Skull, sternum, ribs

Question 4

Irregular Bones

Answer 4

-Irregular shaped
-Vertebrae and coxal bones

Question 5

Osteon structure

Answer 5

Central canal - carries blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae - rings of matrix around the central canal
Lacunae - cavities containing osteocytes

Question 6

Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 6

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

Question 7

Epiphyseal Line

Answer 7

Remant of the epiphyseal plate

Question 8

Types of bone formation and loaction

Answer 8

1. Intramembranous Ossification - Forms a fibrous membrane. Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
2. Endochondral Ossification - Bone develops from hyaline cartilage. Six weeks fetal development to early 20s. Most bones develope this way

Question 9

Function of compact bone

Answer 9

Support, protection, and movement

Question 10

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Answer 10

Diaphysis - shaft/wall
Epiphysis - expanded ends
Periosteum - outside covering of diaphysis
Articular cartilage - covers the external surface of the epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Line
Medullary Cavity - inside diaphysis

Question 11

Suture names and locations

Answer 11

Sagittal - between parietal bones
Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
Squamosal - between parietal and temporal
Lambdoidal - between parietal and occipital

Question 12

Bones of a hard palate

Answer 12

Maxilla and palatine bones

Question 13

Bones of nasal septum

Answer 13

Ethmoid and vomer

Question 14

Bones that contain paranasal sinuses

Answer 14

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid

Question 15

Parts of Vertebra

Answer 15

Body
Veterbral Foramen
Transverse Process
Spinous Process

Question 16

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Answer 16

Clavicle and scapula

Question 17

Pelvic girdle

Answer 17

Two coxal bones
Three pairs of fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

Question 18

Foramen Magnum

Answer 18

Large opening in occipital bone

Question 19

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

Answer 19

Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphosis - exaggeration of thoracic curve
Lordosis - abnormal anterior convexity of lumbar spine

Question 20

Hyoid bone

Answer 20

Only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Question 21

Number of vertebra in child and adult

Answer 21

Child - 33
Adult - 26

Question 22

, names and characteristics of all types of vertebra

Answer 22

7 cervical - transverse foramen, Atlas - C1 and Axis - C2
12 thoracic - long, pointed spinous process
5 lumbar - large bodies. Supports body weight

Question 23

Muscle movement names

Answer 23

Isotonic contractions - muscle shortens and movement occurs with contraction
Isometric contractions - muscle cells do not shorten even though muscle tension increases

Question 24

Types of Synovial joints and examples

Answer 24

Plane - wrist
Hinge - proximal/middle phlange, elbow
Pivot - atlas/axis, radius/ulna
Condyloid - metacarpal/phlange
Saddle - carpal/metacarpal, joint in thumb (twidling)
Ball and Socket - shoulder and hip

Question 25

Thick and thin filaments

Answer 25

Thick - composed of many myosin molecules. Located in center of sacromere. Thin - actin is main protein. Anchored to the z-disc

Question 26

Troponin and Tropomysin

Answer 26

Troponin - binds to calcium Tropomyosin - moves away from binding sites

Question 27

Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscles

Answer 27

Endomysium - encloses a single muscle fiber Perimysium - wraps around a fascicle of muscle fibers Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle

Question 28

Types of muscles and characteristics

Answer 28

Smooth - lacks striations, spindle shaped, single nucleus, involuntary Skeletal - striations, multi nucleus, voluntary Cardiac - striations, single nucleus, branching cells, involuntary

Question 29

Characteristics of muscle

Answer 29

Excitability - ability to receive and respond to stimulus Contractibility - ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received Extensibility - ability of muscle cells to stretched Elasticity - ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

Question 30

Motor neuron and its relationship with muscle fibers

Answer 30

Muscle fibers must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract

Question 31

Vitamins involved in bone formation

Answer 31

Vitamin A - activate osteoblasts Vitamin C - collagen synthesis Vitamin D - necessary for calcium absorption by small inestine

Question 32

Sequence of events at the neurotransmitter junction

Answer 32

1. Nerve impulses reach the axon terminal 2. Synaptic vesicles release Ach 3. Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4. Ach binds to receptor on the motor-end plate 5. Channels on the motor-end plate open and Sodium enters fiber creating a depolarizations 6. An action potential travels on the sarcolemma and stimulates the muscle fiber to contract

Question 33

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

Stores calcium

Question 34

What happens during the Sliding Filament Theory

Answer 34

I bands and H band get smaller

Question 35

Classifcations of joints

Answer 35

Amphiarthois - slightly moveable Synarthrosis - immovable Diarthrosis - freely moveable

Question 36

Function of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Answer 36

Osteoclasts - break down bone by secreting acids and lysosomal enzymes Osteoblasts - create new bone Osteocytes - mature bone cell

Question 37

What is the function of the organic components of bone?

Answer 37

Make bone flexible.

Question 38

What is the function of the inorganic compontents of bone? What is the main component?

Answer 38

Make bone hard. Main component is Calcium

Question 39

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Answer 39

Tendon helps our body move by connecting muscles to bone. Ligament helps to keep them stable by connecting the bones.

Question 40

Descrive the structure of a muscle fiber and give a general function of each.

Answer 40

Sarcolemma - plasma membrane Transverse tubules - extend through fiber Myofibrils - contractile protein Sarcoplasmic retriculum - stores calcium

Question 41

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 41

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber Segment of myofibril between two z-discs

Question 42

What is the main protein of the thick filament?

Answer 42

Myocin

Question 43

What is the main protein of the thin filament?

Answer 43

Actin

Question 44

What proteins are the regulatory proteins? What are there functions?

Answer 44

Troponin and tropomyosin.

Question 45

What proteins are the actual contractile proteins?

Answer 45

Actin

Question 46

Describe the structure of a sarcomere.

Answer 46

Myofilaments - thick and thin H zone - region in center of A band M line - proteins that hold myosin molecules in place A band - dark band, length of thick filament I band - light band, contains thin filament

Question 47

What is a motor unit?

Answer 47

One nerve fiber in all the muscle fibers

Question 48

What neurotransmitter is released at a NMJ?

Answer 48

Acetylchline, ACh

Question 49

What causes myosin to release from actin during the cross bridge cycle?

Answer 49

New ATP binds to myosin