Study Unit 11 Flashcards
IT
study, design, development, application, implementation, support/mgt of computer based IS
Hardware
any physical items that comprises a computer system
-monitor, keyboard, mouse, microchips, disk drive (anything that can be touched)
Software
combo of programs (manipulate data) and instruct hardware
- provides instruction to hdwr; serves as input to other software
- intangible
Network
collection of hdwr devices interconnected to communicate among themselves
-share and communicate data (internet, intranet)
Data
info stored in hdwr
BIS
business info system in any combo of hdwr, sftwr, data, ppl, procedures employed to pursue org obj
Strategic roles of BIS suppor
business processes and ops
DM (create A/R aging report to know customer’s credit)
mgrs in future planning
Stakeholders
those who affect or are affected by output of IS
- interest in effective and efficient functioning
- mgrs, employees, suppliers, customers
RSS
rich site summary
allows content of website w/frequent changes to be pulled and fed to user’s computer
-saves time
cloud computing
apps and data stored on internet
advantage
- low infrastructure and maint costs
- more mobility
- less personnel and utility costs
disadvantage
- less ctrl
- more difficult to ensure privacy/security
- less compatible with existing tools/sftwr
TPS
most common type of system used in BIS
trans is single discrete event that can be stored in IS (movement of RM from storage to production, issue PO, sale)
captures data that reflects economic life of org (example- AIS)
Transaction processing modes
way system updated with new data
- batch
- online
Centralized IT Structure
central location users connect to mainframe via "dumb terminals" (monitor and keyboard combo w/o processing pwr) adv -consistent processing -better more efficient security
Decentralized IT structure
each branch stores and processes data onsite and transmits results overnight to mainframe at home office
adv
- more accountability over data process
- no bottlenecks of traffic over ntwk
Data capture
entering data into IS
two types
-batch-group of records at one time
-online- single records w/ user getting immediate feedback
POS trans help mgt
ID and respond to trends make sales forecasts determine product demand improve customer svc target products to customer from different demos evaluate effects of promotions
Processing
convert raw data into usable info
performed by hdwr and sftwr
Types of data files
master- static (vendor #, name, address) or volatile (general ledger file-holds balances of all accts in ledger)
transaction- reflect ongoing business activity, indiv purchases from vendors or general j.e.
REA Processing
Resources, Events, Agents processing
uses double entry (debit and credit) by single entry
uses relational database to store/process trans
each trans (event) stored in table chron and linked to other table with trans details
process thru queries to table
-calculate sales for pd by summing and AR balance for pd end by summing
REA
advantages vs disadvantages
advantages
- debits & credits not considered
- no GL is maintained, balances calculated thru queries
- ad hoc reports easily produced (list of customers who purchased products bet certain dates)
disadvantage
- costly
- lots of computer storage and processing needed
- accountants and auditors unfamiiar, training needs are high and acceptance may be low
Push reporting
electronic distribution of reports digitally to personnel
MIS
receives input from trans processing systems, aggregates it, report in form for mgt
classified by function or activity
-acctg, finance, mfg, logistics, mkting, HR
stovepipe systems
single function systems
limited focus
being replaced by integrated systems linking multi business activities, most cmprehensive is ERP
AIS
subsystem of MIS
processes routine, highly structured financial/trans data relevant to mgrl/financial acctg
concern
- trans w/ ext parties (follow GAAP)
- internal activies in cost acctg systems, prep of related report/analyses (pro forma, budget)
ERP
manage org resources
integrate enterprise wide info systems into 1 database linked to all org’s apps
subsumes traditional MISs
subsystem shares data to coordinate activities
disadvantage
-extent, complexity makes implementing difficult and $$$$
Back office functions
subsystem of ERP internal to org
info primariy for internal use
Front office functions
connect org with customers, suppliers, owners, creditors
Data Warehouse
central dbs for trans level data from more than 1 of org’s TPS
- only query and reporting system, not used for routine ops
- gets input from various TPSs in org
OLAP
online analytical processing
graphic tool that can access data warehouse
important component is drill down analysis
data mining
search for unexpected relationships among data
DSS
Decision Support System
interactive system in solving semistructured problems
-those w/ structured portion and unstructured portion
doesn’t automate a decision; examines relevant data and present mgr with alt courses of action
3 basic components of DSS
dtbs -consists of raw data relevant to decision; data from w/in and outside org
model- set of eqns, comparisons, graphs, conditions, assumptions, into which data will be fed
dialog-user interface that allows user to specify appropriate model and set of data to which model applied
GDSS
group DSS that aids in collab soln of unstructured problems
AI
comp sftwr to perceive, reason, understand
work thru if/then ?s for 2 possible outcomes (Y/N, on/off, etc.)
Advantage of AI
work 24 hrs/day
will not become ill, die, or quit
fast processers of data
Types of AI
neural, case-based reasoning system, rule-based expert systems, intelligent agents, expert systmes
Neural networks
collection of processing elements work together to process info like a brain; can learn from previous situations
Case-based reasoning
process similar to that used by human to learn from prvs similar experiences
Rule-based expert systems
function on basis of set rules to arrive at answer; can’tn be changed by system, only changed by outside source
Intelligent agents
apply builtin or learned knowledge base to perform specific, repetitive, predictable task
Expert system
interactive system attempts to initiate reasoning of human expert in a field
ESS
Exec Support System, info w/in and outside org
high level DM get info need to set, monitor progress toward org’s LT objectives
-assists DM in nonroutine trans
-provides info about activities of competitors
Business Intelligence
gives upper mgt info to know where org is and how to steer in the right direction
-immediate info on critical success factors
replaces older ESS model
bar graphs, pie charts, etc
uses data from w/in and outside org
