Study Unit 12 Flashcards
Operating system
negotiates conversation bet hardware, app user runs, and data app works with
-Windows, OS X
Utility programs
performs basic functions that are not particular to a certain application and file access ctrl
-copy, delete, merge
App software
programs tell computer steps user wants carried out; purchase from vendor or developed internally
1st gen language
machine language
binary code unique to each type of computer
understood by computer
3rd gen language
procedural or programming language
English like words/phrases represent multiple machine language instructions; easier to learn
converted to machine language by compilation or interpretation
-COBOL, BASIC, C AND C++, Java
4th gen language
problem oriented or nonprocedural
permit nonspecialized user to describe problem to and receive guidance from computer rather than specify a procedure (CAAT)
-IDEA, ACL
HTML vs XML vs XBRL
HTML- authoring software language to create & link sites
XML-open std usable w/ many programs and platforms
XBRL- extensible business reporting language
-developed by AICPA led consortium for commercial and industrial entities that report using GAAP
-variation of XML, decrease costs of generating fin reports, reformulate for diff users, sharing business info using e-media
bit vs byte
field vs record vs key vs file
0 or 1
byte- 8 bits
field- data item contains info about entity; group of bytes
record- group of fields
key- field or combo of fields on each record; must contain enough info to ID each record (no 2 records with the same key)
-allows for sorting and efficient managing
file- group of records
flat files
oldest file structure, records continuously stored
Hierarchical (tree) database
records form branches and leaves from a root
Relational Databases
have cardinality and referential integrity
cardinality-proximity of data element is to being unique (normal when d.e. isn’t unique but has restricted range of values, low when small range of values, T/F)
referential integrity- to enter record to in table, must be a record in some other table
advantage- ease of search
Object Oriented Databases
response to need to store graphics and multimedia apps used by object oriented programming languages, C++ and Java
-translating this into tables and rows is hard
DBMS
database mgt systems
integrated set of software tools imposed on data files that maintain integrity of underlying db
-maint of relational db practical
allows programmers and designers to work indep of physical and logical structure of db
schema
layouts of tables and constraints on entering new records
DBMS automates process of enforcing the schea
2 vital parts of DBMS
data definition lang- user can specify how table will look & kinds of data elements will hold
data manipulation- adds, deletes, modifies records and data elements
data dictionary
physical and logical charact of every data element in a db
contains size, format, usage, meaning, ownership, of every data element and what person, etc use data element
distributed database
stored in 2 or more physical sites
- replication (snapshot) DBMS duplicate whole db & sends to multiple location; changes periodically copied and distributed
- fragmentation (partitioning) records stored where most needed; info retrieved via comm lines
Organizational needs assessment
study/evaluation of how IS deploy to help org meet its goals; steps in assessment
- determine if systems support org goals
- determine needs unmet by current systems
- determine capacity of current systems to accommodate projected growth
- propose path for IS deployment to achieve org goals w/in budget constraints
business process
flow of actions performed on goods and info to complete discrete obj
-hire employee, recruit customer
business process reengineering
rethink business function performance to provide value to customers (radical innovation, not improvement)
Systems Development Life Cycle
methodology applied to development of large, highly structured app system
advantage
-enhanced mgt and control of development process
SDLC steps
- initiation, feasability, planning
- req analysis and definition
- system design
- build and development
- Testing and QC
- acceptance, installation, implementation
- ops and maintenance
Initiation, feasibility, planning
recognize need for new system, gain understanding of situation to see if feasible to creat soln, make plan
req analysis and definition
formal proposal for new system submitted
feasibility studies determine- tech req, econ resources committed to new system, how new system affects current ops
get go-ahead for project
System Design
mapping flow and storage of data elements used by new system and new program modules that will compose new system
-data flow diagrams
physical design - planning interactions of new program code and data elements w/ hdwr platform
Build and Development
actual program code and db structures used in new system
hdwr acquired and physical infrastructure is assembled
Testing and Control
testing performed while system is built, feedback used to improve perf and function
Acceptance, Installation, Implementation
final step before place system in operation
-must demonstrate functionality
4 strategies convert to new system
-parallel op- old and new both run at full capacity (safest, $$$$, time consuming)
-cutover conversion- old system shut down, new one takes over processing (least $, risky)
-pilot conversion-1 branch, dept at a time fully converted to new system; experience benefits, but time consuming
-phases- 1 function of the new system placed in operation; advantage allows users to learn 1 pt at a time
Ops and Maintenance
after operational, monitor system for ongoing perf and improvement
systems follow up or post audit eval is subsequent review of efficiency and effectiveness after operated for time (at least 1 yr)
Prototyping
alt approach to app development
create working model, demonstrate, get feedback, make changes
-repeats until user satisfied
CASE
Computer aided software engineering
applies compt to sftwr design/development
-provides capacity to maintain on computer al of system docs; develop executable input/output; generate code
-facilitates creation, org, maint of doc
EUC
end user computing
systems maintained and operated outside of traditional IS ctrl
-envir ctrl risk more likely (copyright viol)
-unauthorized access (EUC lacks physical access ctrl, app level, etc.)
-lacks adequate backup, recovery, contingencies; inability to recreate
Contingency planning
Disaster recovery- process of resuming normal info processing ops after major interruption
business continuity- continuation of business by other ways during pd when computer process is unavailable or less than normal
Plans for 2 major types of contingencies
data center physically available, or not
1st type- power failure, random intrusions (virus), deliberate intrusion (hack); physical facilities sound, immediate action req to continue
2nd type- more serious, caused by disasters *floods, fires, etc.) requires alt processing facility
Disaster recovery plan
regaining access to data, comm, work areas,
must be developed in connection with business continuity plan; should describe IT recovery strategy
hot vs warm vs cold site
contingencies used when data center is unavailable
hot- fully operational, org contracts w/ svc provider, ready 24-7-365, least risky, $$$, req annual testing
cold-shell facility w/ pwr, env ctrl, communication lines for org to install its eqt; less $, time can be weeks or months
warm- bet hot and cold, combines features
-resources avail, may need configuration to support production
-data may need restoration, recovery time (2 days-2wks)
BCM
business continuity mgt
objective-restore critical processes, minimize financial, etc. effects of disaster or business disruption
3rd component of emergency mgt program; time frame in hours/days not weeks
other components
- emergency response- goal is lifesaving, safety to limit effects of a disaster to asset damage, time frame is hrs
- crisis mgt- focus is managing comm and sr mgt activities, time frame is days
Elements of BCM
mgt support
-mgt assigns resources to prepare, maintain, practice b. continuity plan
risk assessment and mitigation
-entity must define threats, assess effects, develop mitigation strategies
Business Impact Analysis
IDs business processes to function in a disaster and determine time frame for recovery
org IDs
Business Impact Analysis
IDs processes to function in disaster and determine recovery timeframe
IDs criticals processes, recovery time obj and point obj for processes and resources, and IDs other parties and physical resources for recovery
Business Recovery and Continuity Strategy
crucial element
-comprehensive, current disaster plan; addresses steps, ppl, resources to recover
