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CEMI 214 > Study Unit 2 > Flashcards

Study Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Facultative organisms

A

Cells that can switch metabolic pathways to allow them to grow with or without oxygen.

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2
Q

Aerobic organisms

A

Cells that require oxygen for growth and metabolism.

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3
Q

Anaerobic organisms

A

Cells that are inhibited by oxygen.

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4
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Cells that can grow at low temp. (below 20 degrees Celsius).

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5
Q

Mesophiles

A

Cells that can grow in the temp. range of 20 to 50 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

Thermophiles

A

Cells that grow best at higher temp. (above 50 degrees Celsius)

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7
Q

Microbial diversity - Nutrient availability

A

Some organisms can grow in environments with almost no obvious source of nutrients (extremophiles).

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8
Q

Spherical cell’s name

A

coccus (plural - cocci)

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9
Q

Cylindrical cell’s (rod-shaped) name

A

bacillus (plural - bacilli)

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10
Q

Spiral-shaped cell’s name

A

spirillum (plural - spirilla)

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11
Q

Three main cell types

A

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes (archaebacteria and eubacteria)
Viruses

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Organisms without a cell nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles.

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures, internal membranes and a cytoskeleton.

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14
Q

Heat resistance of prokaryotes

A

High heat resistance

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15
Q

Heat resistance of eukaryotes

A

Low heat resistance

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16
Q

Viruses

A

Small infectious agents that can only replicate and survive in living cells

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17
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

All genetic information in free-living cells is contained on the DNA.

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18
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

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19
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Virus that targets bacteria

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20
Q

Macronutrients

A 
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Phosphorous
Sulphur
Potassium
Magnesium
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21
Q

Cellulose

A

Cellulose is a polymer of beta-glucose

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22
Q

Comma shaped cell’s name

A

vibrio

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23
Q

Alkalophiles

A

Organisms that grow best with a pH of 9

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24
Q

Acidophiles

A

Organisms that grow best with a pH of 1 to 2

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25
Q

Neutrophiles

A

Organisms that grow best with a neutral pH

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26
Q

Yeast

A

A microscopic fungus capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Facultatively anaerobic

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27
Q

Fungi

A

Any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

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28
Q

Mould

A

Tiny, multi-celled organisms made up of branching filaments (hyphae)

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29
Q

Algae

A

A diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis.

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30
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular organisms without cell walls

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31
Q

What do living cells consist of?

A

Amino acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids, fats, steroids

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32
Q

Amino acids

A

Form the building blocks of proteins and enzymes

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33
Q

Which part of Escherichia Coli is the genus?

A

Escherichia

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34
Q

Which part of Escherichia Coli is the species?

A

Coli

35
Q

5 main functions of proteins (types)

A
  • Structural proteins
  • Catalytic proteins
  • Transport proteins
  • Regulating proteins
  • Protective proteins
36
Q

Examples of structural proteins

A
  • Glycoproteins
  • Collagen (connective tissue)
  • Keratin (hair and nails)
37
Q

Examples of catalytic proteins

A

Enzymes

38
Q

Examples of transport proteins

A
  • Hemoglobin

* Serum albumin (carries of steroids, fatty acids and hormones)

39
Q

Examples of regulating proteins

A

Hormones (insulin)

40
Q

Examples of protective proteins

A

Antibodies bind to foreign macromolecules (antigens)

41
Q

Role of carbohydrates

A

Cell’s main source of energy.

42
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
43
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the simplest form of sugar and the most basic units of carbohydrates. Their molecules contain 3 to 9 carbons.

44
Q

Disaccharides

A

Disaccharides (double sugar) are the sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined by condensation.

45
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides are chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages.

46
Q

Condensation reaction between two amino acids

A

In a condensation reaction between two amino acids, a peptide bond is formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another and a water molecule is released.

47
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

Antibodies work by recognizing and sticking to specific proteins, such as those found on the surfaces of viruses and bacteria, in a highly specific way.

48
Q

Formation of fats

A

Fats (triglycerides) are formed by the joining of three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone in a dehydration reaction. Three molecules of water are released in the process.

49
Q

Where is the reaction between glycerol and fatty acids applied in biotechnology?

A

In the treatment of waste cooking oils for biodiesel production, the high acidity oils can be esterified with glycerol (a main byproduct of biodiesel production) to transform free fatty acids into triglycerides before performing transesterification.
Without performing this procedure before transesterification, the high acidity oils cannot be directly transformed into fatty acid methyl esters due to soap production.

50
Q

Macronutrient: Carbon

A

Carbon is required to form carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and many other compounds.
50% of the dry cell mass.

51
Q

Macronutrient: Nitrogen

A

Nitrogen is part of proteins and nucleic acids and is also used in the synthesis of some vitamins.
10 - 14% of dry cell mass.

52
Q

Macronutrient: Nitrogen - Sources

A
  • Ammonia
  • Ammonium salts
  • Proteins
  • Peptides
  • Amino acids
  • Fixation
  • Urea
  • Yeast extract
  • Peptone
53
Q

Macronutrient: Oxygen

A

Molecular oxygen is required as terminal electron acceptor in the aerobic metabolism of carbon compounds.
20% of dry cell mass.

54
Q

Macronutrient: Hydrogen

A

Hydrogen, derived from carbohydrates, is used as energy source by methanogens.
8% of dry cell mass.

55
Q

Macronutrient: Phosphorous

A

Phosphorous is necessary to synthesize nucleic acids and phospholipids.
3% of dry cell mass.

56
Q

Macronutrient: Phosphorous - Sources

A
  • Inorganic salts (K2HPO4 or KH2PO4)

* Glycerophosphates (organic source)

57
Q

Macronutrient: Sulphur

A

Sulphur is part of certain amino acids and is present in several coenzymes. Sulphur also plays a role in photosynthesis as part of the electron transport chain.
1% of dry cell mass.

58
Q

Macronutrient: Sulphur- Sources

A
  • Sulphate salts (NH4)2SO4 most common

* Sulphur-containing amino acids

59
Q

Macronutrient: Potassium

A

Required for carbohydrate metabolism and is a co-factor for certain enzymes.

60
Q

Macronutrient: Potassium - Sources

A

• Potassium salts: K2HPO4, K2HPO4, K3PO

61
Q

Macronutrient: Magnesium

A

Magnesium is present in the cell walls and cell membranes and is a co-factor for certain enzymes. Ribosomes require magnesium ions.

62
Q

Macronutrient: Magnesium - Sources

A

• MgSO4.7H2O or MgCl2

63
Q

Three classes of micronutrients

A

Generally required
Required under certain growth conditions
Rarely required

64
Q

Generally required micronutrients and their role

A

Mn, Fe, Zn
• Important co-factors
• Regulates certain fermentations
• Regulates metabolic processes

65
Q

DNA molecules in prokaryotes?

A

One

66
Q

DNA molecules in eukaryotes?

A

More than one

67
Q

DNA organelles & DNA observed as chromosomes in prokaryotes?

A

No

68
Q

DNA organelles & DNA observed as chromosomes in eukaryotes?

A

Yes

69
Q

Nuclear membrane in prokaryotes?

A

No

70
Q

Nuclear membrane in eukaryotes?

A

Yes

71
Q

Formation of partial diploid in prokaryotes?

A

Yes

72
Q

Formation of partial diploid in eukaryotes?

A

No

73
Q

Mitochondria in prokaryotes?

A

No

74
Q

Mitochondria in eukaryotes?

A

Yes

75
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotes?

A

No

76
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes?

A

Yes

77
Q

Golgi apparatus in prokaryotes?

A

No

78
Q

Golgi apparatus in eukaryotes?

A

Yes

79
Q

Photosynthetic apparatus in prokaryotes?

A

Chlorosomes

80
Q

Photosynthetic apparatus in eukaryotes?

A

Chloroplasts

81
Q

Flagella in prokaryotes?

A

Single protein, simple structure

82
Q

Flagella in eukaryotes?

A

Complex structure with microtubules

83
Q

Spores in prokaryotes?

A

Endospores

84
Q

Spores in eukaryotes?

A

Endo- and exospores

CEMI 214 (6 decks)

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