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Studying Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Plants, algae, animal, protozoan, and fungi

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2
Q

What are features of a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Animal cell organelles

A

Nucleus
Nucleus membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoplasm
Cell surface membrane
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Centromeres

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4
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Nuclear membrane and nuclear pores
Inside the nucleus there are chromatins
Nucleolus

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5
Q

Nucleus function

A

Stores genetic information
Site of DNA replication.
Site of transcription

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6
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Site of production of ribosomes

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7
Q

Mitochondrion structure

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane highly folded to form cristae (increase surface area)
Matrix containing mitochondrial DNA,
70s ribosomes

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8
Q

What does the matrix in mitochondria contain?

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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9
Q

What does the cristae in mitochondria do?

A

Increase surface area

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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

A

Highly folded membranes with 80s ribosomes embedded.
The membrane is folded into flattened sacks called cisternae.
Joined to the nucleus.

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11
Q

Mitochondrion function

A

Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration.

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Synthesises and transport of proteins throughout the cell.

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13
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

A

Highly folded membranes flattened into sacks called cisternae

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14
Q

What are the highly membranes folded into sacks called? (For SER and RER)

A

Cisternae

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15
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

Packages triglycerides into vesicles and transports them to the Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

(Eukaryotic) Ribosome structure

A

80s
Made up of 2 subunits that are made of long strands of rRNA

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17
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site of protein synthesis from amino acids.

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus structure

A

Flattened sacs made of membrane filled with fluid.
Golgi vesicles pinch off from the main membrane.

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19
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and triglycerides into vesicles.

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20
Q

Lysosome structure

A

Membrane-bound organelle that stores and releases lysosomes

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21
Q

Lysosome function

A

Release lysosomes which hydrolyse pathogens in phagocytosis

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22
Q

Cell Surface Membrane structure

A

Made up of phospholipids, specific transport proteins, and carbohydrates arranged into a fluid mosaic model

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23
Q

Cell Surface Membrane function

A

Controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

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24
Q

Centrioles structure

A

Microtubules

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25
Centrioles function
Form a network of spindle fibres onto which chromosomes attach. Pull chromosomes apart during mitosis.
26
Chloroplasts structure
Granum Thylakoid membrane Stroma Starch grains DNA and 70s ribosomes
27
Granum function in chloroplasts
Stack of thylakoid membranes
28
Thylakoid membrane function in chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis Contains ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP.
29
Stroma function in chloroplasts
Where the photosynthesis reactions occur
30
Starch grains function in chloroplasts
The energy storage molecule in plants.
31
DNA and ribosomes function in chloroplasts
Used for synthesis of enzymes needed for photosynthesis
32
Cellulose cell wall in plants structure
Many WEAK hydrogen bonds between cellulose fibrils The wall is permeable to most molecules Has plasmodesmata which are gaps in the cell walls that connect cell cytoplasm’s together
33
What do the many weak H bonds between fibrils in cellulose cell walls do?
Makes the cell wall strong Limits the volume of water that can move into the cell which stops osmotic lysis
34
What are plant cell walls made from?
Cellulose
35
What is fungi cell wall made from?
Chitin
36
Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall WHEREAS animal cells do not have a cell wall Plant cells have chloroplasts WHEREAS animal cells do not have chloroplasts Plant cells have a vacuole WHEREAS animal cells do not Plant cells have carbohydrates stored as starch WHEREAS animal cells have carbohydrates stored as glycogen Plant cells have no centrioles WHEREAS animal cells do have centrioles
37
Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
In prokaryotic cells DNA is circular and not associated with histones WHEREAS in eukaryotic cells DNA is linear and associated with histones In prokaryotic cells, there are no membrane bound organelles WHEREAS in eukaryotic cells, there are membrane bound organelles In prokaryotic cells DNA is free in the cytoplasm WHEREAS in eukaryotic cells, there is a nucleus Prokaryotic cells contain 70s ribosomes WHEREAS eukaryotic cells contain 80s ribosomes Prokaryotes have a murein cell wall WHEREAS eukaryotic plant cells only have a cellulose cell wall Prokaryotic cells may have a capside WHEREAS eukaryotic cells do not
38
Viruses definition
Viruses are ACELLULAR; they are not alive. They are very small and they require a living cell to replicate inside.
39
Virus structure
Contain DNA or RNA, which can be single or double stranded. Surrounded by a capsid Has attachment proteins which enable it to bind to host cells Has enzymes that is uses to replicate its genetic information and insert it into the host cell DNA
40
Methods of studying cells introduction
Scientists have developed ways to magnify and isolate these structures and organelles within cells for further study.
41
Light Microscope method
Specimens are illuminated with light, which is focused using glass lenses and viewed using the eye or photographic film By using more lenses, a light microscope can magnify by a larger amount, but the problem is at these higher magnifications the microscope loses resolution. So, magnification is limited.
42
Problem with higher magnifications in light microscopes
At higher magnifications the microscope loses resolution. So, magnification is limited.
43
What does a shorter wavelength result in?
Better resolution
44
Why do light microscopes have a poorer resolution?
They have a higher wavelength
45
Types of electron microscopes
Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope
46
What type of image does a Scanning Electron Microscope produce?
3D
47
What type of image does a Transmission Electron Microscope produce?
2D
48
Procedure of Electron Microscopes
A beam of electrons illuminate the specimen. Electrons have very small wavelength, so can be used to observe objects as small as ribosomes (20nm), this means the TEM & SEM produce images with HIGHER RESOLUTION.
49
What is the wavelength in electron microscopes?
Very small
50
Transmission electron microscope method
The electrons pass THROUGH the specimen. Allows you to view organelles/internal structures. Electrons are fired through the specimen Less dense areas absorb less electrons and appear lighter Denser areas absorb more electrons and so appear darker.
51
Scanning electron microscope method
Specimens are not sliced, and the electrons bounce off the SURFACE of the specimen. Images are always in black and white.
52
Do TEM specimens have to be sliced?
Yes
53
Do SEM specimens have to be sliced?
No
54
Do specimens in light microscopes have to be dead or alive?
Can be dead or alive
55
Do specimens in electron microscopes have to be dead or alive?
Dead - they must be in a vacuum
56
Staining process for light microscopes
Very easy - coloured dyes
57
Staining process for electron microscopes
Very hard - can create artefacts (structures which are not actually there)
58
Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical (light) microscope
1. Add a drop of water to the microscope slide; 2. Get a thin section of plant tissue and float on the drop of water; 3. Stain with KI solution; 4. Lower the cover slip using a mounted needle to avoid air bubbles;
59
Cell centrifugation method - method of observing organelles
1: Tissue is homogenised in blender to break open the cells releasing the organelles into solution. The solution must be: Ice cold to reduce the action of enzymes that would digest organelles. Isotonic so organelles don’t burst or shrivel Buffered to stop pH changes which could denature proteins. 2: Filter the mixture to remove any large pieces of tissue/cells producing a solution of suspended organelles (supernatant). 3: Centrifugation of the supernatant by: Centrifuge at HIGH speed The densest organelles (nucleus) are forced to the bottom of the tube into a pellet which is removed. ·Centrifuge at a HIGHER speed for a longer time. The next densest organelles are forced to the bottom of the tube into a pellet. This pellet is removed and can be re-suspended if required. 4: This process can be repeated many times, at higher speeds with each step. This separates the organelles (then molecules) according to their relative densities.
60
Why is the tissue homogenised in a blender? - Cell centrifugation
To break open the cells
61
What must the solution be in cell centrifugation?
Isotonic Buffered Ice cold
62
Why must the solution be isotonic in cell centrifugation?
so organelles don’t burst or shrivel
63
Why must the solution be buffered in cell centrifugation?
to stop pH changes which could denature proteins.
64
Why must the solution be ice cold in cell centrifugation?
to reduce the action of enzymes that would digest organelles.
65
What solution is formed after the tissue is homogenised and filtered?
Supernatant
66
Why is the supernatant centrifuged?
To obtain a pellet of the next densest organelle
67
Why must the centriguation be done at different speeds?
To obtain pellets of different densities
68
Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells Do not include details of transcription and translation (6)
1. DNA in the nucleus codes for protein 2. Ribosome produces protein 3. Mitochondria produce ATP for protein synthesis 4. Golgi apparatus packages and modifies proteins 5. Vesicles transport proteins 6. Exocytosis at cell surface membrane
69
Describe binary fission in bacteria
Circular DNA replicates Cytoplasm splits Replication of plasmids

Biology (25 decks)

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