Stuffs For Next Exm

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

Least significant of five
Impact is not statistically significant
Mutation over long periods of time become more and more impactful.

Question 2

Population size

Answer 2

Genetic drift is much more effective in small populations

Genetic drift is dramatic change in allele frequency

Leads to a loss of genetic diversity in small population

Can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

Small drift more then large because of probability rules

Fixation (consequence of genetic drift going to 100 or 0 or loosing allele

Drift occurs in both small and large population

Founder effect ( new colony, small population forms)

Founder population: All the progeny got the alleles from the colonists which can lead to high amounts genetic drift.

Population bottleneck( large pop many die and those that survive will pass on their allele, natural disaster or random death not selected was complete randomness)

Question 3

Migration

Answer 3

War and soldiers spread genetic diversity through rape

Both populations are effected

Question 4

Non random mating

Answer 4

Aka Assortative mating

Can be physical apearence
Behavior/ personality trait

Question 5

Environmental influence ( multifactotal inherentence)

Answer 5

Both genes and environment effect phenotypes

Cline - variation along an ecological barrier

Latiduninal cline- cline based on latitude

Altitude cline - altitude elevation

Question 6

Stabilizing selection

Answer 6

The diversity of alleles goes down and become more similar to each other
Selecting for the average

Question 7

Directional election

Answer 7

The whole population shifts in one direction from one extreme to another extreme

Question 8

Diversifying selection

Answer 8

Increase in diversifying increasing extremes and lower intermediate

Choose more then one phenotypes with option

Question 9

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 9

As the frequency of one increases the others will turn against it and bring it down to its demise
Frequency goes up fitness go down
Makes a cycle (parasite host relationship)

Question 10

Balancing selection

Answer 10

Heterozygote Advantage

Occurs with heterozygous advantages where sickle cell heterozygous are resistant to malaria so the genetic pool makes it more common

Balancing the frequency of the recessive alleles

Question 11

Sexual selection

Answer 11

One gender chooses their mate based on a certain phenotype. Think the 🦚 can lead to dimorphism when the males looks different then females.

Question 12

Intersexual selection
Intra sexual selection

Answer 12

One gender is choosing the other
Looking for certain traits

Vs intra

When the same gender have to compete with each other to win the mate

Intra generaly leads to inter

Question 13

Sexual selection. Handicap principle

Answer 13

When the changes due to sexual selection that are more attractive become a handicap and can be - like increasing predation.

As repro increas
Survival decreases

Question 14

Habitat isolation

Answer 14

Sympatric
Prezygotic
Allo do sympatric
Perfer to stay in a specific habitat area

Question 15

Temporal isolation

Answer 15

Prezygotic
Sympatric
Breeding takes place at different times

Question 16

Behavioral isolation

Answer 16

Sympatric
Prezygotic
Behaviors lead to the isolation

Question 17

Mechanical isolation

Answer 17

Prezygotic
Sympatric
Mating attempted but didn’t work out
Or shapes being different.

Question 18

Gametic isolation

Answer 18

Prezygotic
Sympatric

The gametes are lacking the proper signal protiens to combine with one another

Happens in the ocean a lot

Question 19

Postzygote isolation

Answer 19

Both are Sympatric

Hybrid being weak
Hybrid being sterile

Question 20

Hybrid zone

Answer 20

The place that hybrids exist
Result: reinforcement fusion
Stability

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

When a hybrid is produced but are weak and can’t reproduce so they eventually die out.

Question 22

Stability

Answer 22

Hybrid is viable
But mostly infertile
You will have stability where the hybrids will continue to exist as well as the 2 distinct species

Question 23

Fusion

Answer 23

The hybrids are viable and fertile so eventually the genetic changes will be shared across both species fusing them back together to one species

Question 24

Gradualism

Answer 24

Changes over time are subtle and take a long time to change
Lots of Intermediate species

Question 25

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 25

Go to sudden differences then a long time of no change and then a sudden shift

Question 26

Hardy Weinberg equation

Answer 26

Describes the law of evolution

A=p
a=q
p+q=1(allele frequency’s)

p^2+2pq+q^2=1(genotype and phenotype frequency’s)

Question 27

Discrete characters

Answer 27

1 gene = 2 or 3 phenotypes
Yes or no

Question 28

Quantitative characters

Answer 28

2+ genes = many phenotypes
Lots of variety

Question 29

Steps for hardyweinberg

Answer 29

1. Find q
   a) if it is given find p
   b) if given frequency’s
   2) solve for q^2
   3) use table method