Substance Abuse Flashcards
What is substance use?
People do not experience harm from taking a substance. Eg. Coffee
What is substance misuse?
Substance results in some form of problem. Eg a person who drinks 5 cups of coffee in the morning
What is substance abuse?
The person (& indirectly others) will be harmed in some way from taking the drug.
How do substance abuse,misuse and use vary in countries?
In Muslim countries it is illegal to sell and drink alcohol whereas in the UK it is only illegal under the age of 18.
What is addiction defined as?
A substance has been repeatedly used resulting with the user being preoccupied with the substance maintaining supply & is likely to relapse if they attempt to stop taking drugs.
What is physical dependence defined as?
Where the body has got used to the substance & continued usage is needed to maintain the body in what is now its normal state. ‘Normal’ - being no withdrawal symptoms or unpleasant feelings
What were Olds & Milner the 1st to do in 1954?
Research the role of certain areas of the brain being ‘pleasure centres’.
Outline Olds & Milner’s research in (1954).
A- Investigated the role of the septal area of the brain in addictive behaviour.
M- Electrodes were implanted into septal brain area of rats. The electrode supplied a small electric current when the rat pressed the lever (self stimulation)
R - rats pressed the bar v. rapidly & for long periods of time. Some rats pressed until exhausted & unable to press anymore.
C - Stimulation of the septal area of the brain was highly rewarding for rats & may be seen as pleasurable
What did research from Phillips et al find in 2002?
Self stimulation of this area of the brain increases levels of dopamine.
State the two types of dependency.
Physical dependence & psychological dependence
List the 6 main components of addictive behaviour
- Activity associated with the addiction is central & of high importance
- Experience of addictive behaviour results in a rush & a pleasant feeling ‘high’
- Physical tolerance to the drug means high levels have to be taken to maintain the pleasant feeling
- Withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug has not been taken for long periods
- Relationships with other people are often subject to hostility & conflict
- Risk of relapse after having come off the drug is high
What 3 main factors did Sarafino list as part of health promotion in 2006?
- Individual factors - habits behaviours beliefs incentives
- Interpersonal factors - social factors family & friends models for behaviour
- Community factors - health promotion & education which takes place during their community
Health promotion can be sued for prevention & reduction of substance abuse by using 4 methods.
List the 4 methods
- Information giving - healthy diet exercise medical conditions
- Information to motivate - motivate a person to be healthy
- Motivational Interviewing - one to one basis motives & resistances of individual are explored
- Behavioural techniques - aimed at changing unhealthy behaviours
When can health promotion campaigns take place?
Schools work & communities
Outline Moher et al 2005 study
A - effectiveness work-based attempts to help employees to stop smoking
M - effectiveness of programme analysed - some focussed on individuals others on the work force
R - group therapy counselling & nicotine replacement therapy increased cessation rates in comparison to controls. Self-help materials had little effect whole workforce programmes did not reduce smoking. Competitive & incentive schemes increased attempts to stop. Bans increased consumption during the working day but little at home
C - most effective workplace programme which help employees are ones that focus on the individual
Outline the 6 stages in the Prochaska model of behaviour change.
- Pre-contemplation: person is not aware that have a substance abuse problem & have no intention of changing
- Contemplation: the person has become aware of their substance abuse
- Preparation: the person has made the decision to change their behaviour in the near future - substance abuse may be reduced
- Action; behaviour begins to change at least for one day
- Maintenance: the behaviour change is maintained
- Termination: new behaviour has become established & is now normal
What is a strength of substance abuse programmes?
High completion rates with high success
What is the comparison between smokers who stop during the early stages compared to those in the action stage?
Early stage - less successful
If they tried to stop smoking during preparation then to the action stage periods of abstinence was much longer
What do health promotion & prochaska’s model of behaviour change present people with?
Structure programme that they can manage & tackle each stage
What is aversion therapy?
Based on classical conditioning
The abused substance is paired with an unpleasant stimulus such as electric shock or a drug that makes you sick
Outline Wiens & Menustik study into the effectiveness of aversion therapy in 1983 on alcohol abusers.
M- hundreds of people with a drink problem were treated using an emetic
R- 60% of men & women ceased taking alcohol altogether over 12 month period 1/2 them remained alcohol free for 2 years
C- aversion therapy is effective in alcohol abuse treatment success trade is not very high as many relapse after treatment programme
What is a ethical evaluation of aversion therapy
Fails to protect participants from harm
What is aversion therapy known to be good for?
Alcohol & smoking abuse less evidence for other types of substance abuse
What research suggests other alternatives are more successful that aversion therapy
Higgins et al.
M- Cocaine abusers given contingency training of 6 months
R- 68% completed the programme & achieved 8 weeks without drugs
C - Incentives can be effective when treating cocaine abusers
What other aversion therapy did Danaher research in 1977?
Rapid smoking
What is another type of aversion therapy CS?
Covert Sensitisation