Substance Related Disorders

Question 1

What is the physical part of the addiction process?

Answer 1

• Tolerance, the bodies decreased response to repeated taking of a drug
• Withdrawal when prolonged use of substance has altered the body to such an extent that it is affected when the substance is not taken

Question 2

How is substance abuse characterised?

Answer 2

• Failure to fulfil major obligations (e.g. work)
• Exposure to physical dangers (e.g. drunk driving)
• Legal problems brought on by drug use
• Persistent social or interpersonal problems (e.g. arguments)

Question 3

How many out of the 7 characteristics do people need to fulfil to be substance dependant?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

How many under 16’s taken drugs in last year?

Answer 4

21%

Question 5

How many under 16’s taken drugs in last month?

Answer 5

12%

Question 6

% of 11 year olds using drugs in the last year?

Answer 6

8%

Question 7

% of 15 year olds using drugs in the last year?

Answer 7

38%

Question 8

What is the most frequently reported illicit drug use?

Answer 8

Cannabis

Question 9

What % of under 25 year olds in the last year used heroin and cocaine?

Answer 9

1%

Question 10

What is alcohol classified as?

Answer 10

Sedative hypnotic agent

Question 11

What does alcohol do?

Answer 11

Exercises a temporary and nonspecific depressant effect

Question 12

Prevalence of alcoholism in males?

Answer 12

20%

Question 13

Prevalence of alcoholism in females?

Answer 13

8%

Question 14

What are some withdrawal symptoms of alcohol?

Answer 14

Anxiety, depression, weakness, inability to slep

Question 15

What is the most common poly-drug of alcohol?

Answer 15

Smoking

Question 16

What are some short-term actions of alcohol?

Answer 16

It is absorbed from stomach into the blood & acts in the brain:
- Stimulates GABA receptors, increases dopamine/serotonin levels, inhibits glutamate receptors

Question 17

What are some long-term effects of alcohol?

Answer 17

Alcoholics reduce their food intake
- It impairs food digestion
- Vitamin deficiency
Can lead to: brain damage, loss of brain less, surprising of the immune system

Question 18

What is the addicting agent of tobacco?

Answer 18

Nicotine

Question 19

What is nicotine classified as?

Answer 19

Stimulant-euphoriant

Question 20

What are some withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?

Answer 20

Irritability, loss of concentration, decreased metabolic rate, cravings

Question 21

What % of smokers lit up within five minutes of waking?

Answer 21

17%

Question 22

What is the highest proportion of smokers that want to give up?

Answer 22

Less than 20 a day

Question 23

What are the highest reason for wanting to quit smoking?

Answer 23

Health concerns 86%

Question 24

What was the second highest reason for wanting to quit smoking?

Answer 24

Cost 27%

Question 25

What was the 3rd highest reason for wanting to quit smoking

Answer 25

Family pressure 20%

Question 26

What was the 4th highest reason for wanted to quit smoking?

Answer 26

Effect on children 15%

Question 27

Who smokes more, married or singles?

Answer 27

Married (18%) | Singles (28%)

Question 28

Who smokes more professionals or manual workers?

Answer 28

Professionals (15%) | Manual (26%)

Question 29

What age group is smoking highest in?

Answer 29

20-24 (31%)

Question 30

What age group is smoking lowest in?

Answer 30

60+ (12%)

Question 31

How does cannabis work?

Answer 31

Usually smoked, quickly absorbed into the lungs and the THC is transported to the brain

Question 32

What are some short-term effects of cannabis use?

Answer 32

Memory loss, compromised lung structure & function

Question 33

What are some unwanted effects of cannabis?

Answer 33

A-motivational syndrome

Question 34

What are some long-term effects of cannabis use?

Answer 34

Unpleasant mood, can't derive pleasure from activities

Question 35

What are the medical implications of Cannabis?

Answer 35

- Reduces nausea and loss of appetite - Can reduce pain signalling - Can reduce discomfort of AIDS

Question 36

What % of cannabis users don't go on to use harder substance drugs?

Answer 36

40%

Question 37

What is the network theory of cannabis?

Answer 37

Cannabis is part of the picture, but only one of many contributing factors to involvement in harmful substance abuse

Question 38

What are some natural Opioids?

Answer 38

Opium, morphine, heroin

Question 39

What do Opiods do?

Answer 39

Produce a profound, generalised & abiding sedative, anaesthetic & euphoriant effect

Question 40

What do both synthetic & natural opiates have in common?

Answer 40

Bind od opiate receptors in the brain and block experience of emotional and physical pain

Question 41

When may withdrawal symptoms from opioids begin?

Answer 41

6 - 8 hours after last injection

Question 42

What do sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics do?

Answer 42

Produce a temporary & nonspecific depressant

Question 43

What kind of withdrawal symptoms can sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics produce?

Answer 43

As its such a powerful drug, it can cause death

Question 44

Whats an example of a stimulant?

Answer 44

'uppers', e.g. cocaine

Question 45

What do stimulants do?

Answer 45

They act on the brain & sympathy nervous system to increase alertness & motor activity

Question 46

What do amphetamines & cocaine do?

Answer 46

Increase the release & block the repute of norepinephrine & dopamine

Question 47

How are stimulants taken?

Answer 47

Orally or intravenously

Question 48

What can an overdose in stimulants cause?

Answer 48

Chills, nausea, paranoid breakdown, heart attack, death

Question 49

What is an ephedrine a variant of?

Answer 49

Amphetamine

Question 50

What does ephedrine do?

Answer 50

Induces an alertness and reduces appetite

Question 51

What is a natural example of a hallucinogen?

Answer 51

Peyote

Question 52

What is a synthetic example of a hallucinogen?

Answer 52

LSD, ecstacy

Question 53

Is physical dependance an issue for hallucinogens?

Answer 53

No - virtually not an issue except for ecstasy

Question 54

What are some side effects of LSD?

Answer 54

- Synethesia: Blending of sensory information - Rapid mood shifts - Effects depend on set and setting

Question 55

What effect does MDMA have on a person?

Answer 55

Increases release of serotonin (involved in managing mood & body temperature - death is often a result of the body overheating & the blood coagulating

Question 56

What are some long-term dangers of MDMA?

Answer 56

Irreversible serotonin depletion, memory problems?

Question 57

What are some socio-cultural in relation to substance abuse?

Answer 57

- Media - Social milieu - Ready availability of the substance - Cultural attitudes & patterns of drinking - Media

Question 58

What are some psychological variables on substance disorders?

Answer 58

- Mood alteration - Tension reduction hypothesis - Expectancy theory