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1
Q

What pathogen dominates the oral cavity?

A

Streptococci

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2
Q

What facultative anaerobes dominate the oral cavity?

A

Srep anginosus
Actinomyces

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3
Q

What type of anaerobes are s.anginosus and actinomyces?

A

Facultative anaerobe

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4
Q

What strict anaerobes dominate the oral cavity?

A

Prevotella and Fusobacterium Nucleatum

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5
Q

What type of anaerobes are fisobacterium nucleatum and prevotella?

A

Strict anaerobes

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6
Q

What parts of the oral cavity hold the most complex communities?

A

gingival crevice and tooth surface

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7
Q

Is streptococci gram positive or negative?

A

positive

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8
Q

What bacteria are the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

A

Viridans streptococci

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9
Q

What stain do streptococci produce on an agar plate and why?

A

Green, they are alpha haemolytic

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10
Q

What bacteria dominate caries?

A

Streptococci mutans

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11
Q

How do oral streptococci populate to the bloodstream?

A

Adhere via platelet fibrin depositions

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12
Q

What is the severe response to infection?

A

Sepsis

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13
Q

What happens to blood vessels in a septic response?

A

blood vessels become leaky so lose fluid into tissues

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14
Q

what happens to heart rate in sepsis?

A

increases

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15
Q

what happens to oxygen perfusion in sepsis?

A

decreases

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16
Q

what is a result of decrease oxygen perfusion in sepsis?

A

essential organs shut down as brain is the priority

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17
Q

what does blood clotting pose a risk for?

A

haemorrhage

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18
Q

what types of pathogens are found in periodontitis?

A

GNABs
RED COMPLEX
Fusobacterium

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19
Q

What are examples of GNABs in periodontitis?

A

Porphyromonas
Prevotella

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20
Q

What is the red complex?

A

Treponema denticola
Tanerella forsythsia
Porphyromonas gingivalis

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21
Q

What type of anaerobe is treponema denticola?

A

obligate anaerobe
spirochete

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22
Q

What is the virulence factor for treponema denticola?

A

adhere to epithelial cells and fibroblasts to release enzymes into the ECM

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23
Q

What type of anaerobe is tannerella forsythia?

A

obligate anaerobe
spirilla

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24
Q

What is the virulence factor for tannerella forsythia?

A

cell surface proteolytic enzymes

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25
What type of anaerobe is prophyromonas gingivalis?
rod-shaped
26
What is the virulence factor for porphyromonas gingivalis?
collagenase enzymes degrade haemoglobin so prevent iron transport
27
What are types of black pigmented bacteria present in periodontitis?
P.gingivalis P.intermedia P.nigrescins
28
How do you treat black pigmented GNABs?
Blue light
29
What are the main pathogens of endodontic infection?
Fusobacterium nucleatum (-ve) Enterococcus faecalis (+ve)
30
What are the main pathogens of periimplantitis?
staphylococcus aureus staphylococcus epidermis
31
How do you differentiate staph. epidermis and staph. aureus?
staph aureus - coagulase +ve staph epidermis - coagulase -ve
32
What is the main pathogen of dry socket?
fusobacteria
33
How is dry socket treated?
chlorohexadine irrigation, antiseptic dressing, metronidazole
34
What pathogens are responsible for pulpitis?
fusobacteria enterococcus
35
What pathogen is commonly found in plaque?
actinomyces
36
where would you find actinomyces?
supra and sub gingival plaque female genital tract
37
what can actinomyces infection present as?
caries? cervicofacial actinomycosis actinomyces filaments aggregations
38
What's the main risk factor of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivits?
immunosuppression
39
What is a common characteristic of acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis?
grey psuedomembrane
40
What causes the fuso-spirochaetal complex in acute necrotising ulcerative gingivits?
f. nucleutum and treponema vincenti
41
How would you treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis?
scale chlorhexadine metronidazole 5 days
42
What is the main pathogen of ludwigs angina?
Staphylococcus
43
What type of oral strep are present in ludwigs angina?
B-haemolytic oral strep
44
What causes skin infections like folliculitis, abscess, carbuncles, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome?
Staph aureus
45
What superantigen is responsible for toxic shock syndrome?
TSST-1
46
What does TSST-1 do?
creates cytokine storm
47
what are the symptoms of toxic shock?
39 degree fever muscular erythroderma hypotension more than 3 organs involved
48
What is GAS>?
Group A Strep
49
What is GAS>?
Group A Strep
50
What type of pathogen is strep pyogenes?
GAS
51
What is responsible for strep throat?
Strep pyogenes
52
What is responsible for strep throat?
Strep pyogenes
53
What is responsible for strep throat?
Strep pyogenes
54
Other than strep throat, what can strep pyogenes cause in the upper respiratory tract?
Scarlet throat Acute streptococcal gingivits
55
What is a contraindication of scarlet throat?
Rheumatic fever
56
What is strep pyogenes virulence factor?
M Protein
57
What pathogen is responsible for whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
58
How would you treat whooping cough?
erythromycin 14 days
59
What pathogen is responsible for diptheria?
Toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae
60
What is Bordetella pertussis responsible for?
whooping cough
61
what is toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae responsible for?
diptheria
62
How is diptheria treated?
diptheria antitoxin penicillin/ erythromycin
63
Is haemophilus influenza the cause of the flu?
no
64
what is the main action of bordetella pertussis?
eliminates mucouscilary escalator, compromising lining of tract immune cells attacked by pertussis toxin
65
What causes pneumonia?
strep pneumoniae
66
what are different types of strep pnuemoniae?
catalase positive and negative
67
What causes tuberculosis?
myobacterium tuberculosis
68
What happens in tuberculosis?
granulomatous lesions forms
69
what is a common pathogen in supragingival plaque?
rothia denticariosa
70
What pathogen uses lactic acid as energy?
viellonella
71
What pathogen is commonly found in subgingival plaque?
P.gingivallis
72
What causes halitosis?
metabolic end products
73
In halitosis, what causes nitrogenous metabolic end products?
ammonia
74
in halitosis, what causes sulphurous metabolic end products?
hydrogen sulphide
75
How may tuberculosis be spotted in oral cavity?
lesions
76
whats the main risk factor for tuberculosis?
AIDS
77
What is the treatment for tuberculosis?
Isonazid Rifampicin Pyranzanide Ethambutol
78
What is an antibiotic cocktail used to treat in the lower respiratory tract?
tuberculosis
79
in strep pneumoniae, what does its toxin do?
pneumolysin toxin attacks WBC it has capsule
80
At what point would strep pneumoniae cause death?
second infection
81
What is used to treat pneumonia?
amoxicillin/ erythromycin vaccine (anti-capsular)

Microbiology (14 decks)

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