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SUMMARY Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria dominates oral cavity sub and supragingivally?

A

streptococci

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2
Q

Is strep catalase positive or negative?

A

negative

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3
Q

what test can be done to differentiate strep?

A

haemolysis

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4
Q

what type of strep is alpha haemolytic?

A

s.pneumonaie
s. viridians (oral strep)

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5
Q

what type of strep is beta haemolytic?

A

s.angiosus
s.pyogenes

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6
Q

what type of strep is gamma haemolytic?

A

enterococci

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7
Q

what shape are streptococci?

A

spherical

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8
Q

what type of anaerobe is strep?

A

can be facultative or obligate

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9
Q

what does strep produce?

A

lactic acid

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10
Q

what enzyme accumulates when strep causes caries?

A

glucotransferase

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11
Q

what type of pnuemonia does strep cause?

A

commonly acquired

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12
Q

what toxin does strep release in commonly acquires pnuemonia?

A

pneumolysin toxin

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13
Q

what type of gingivits can strep cause?

A

acute streptococcal gingivits

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14
Q

what skin diseases can strep cause?

A

impetigo
cellulitis
necrotising faciitis

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15
Q

what bacterial throat infection does strep cause?

A

strep throat

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16
Q

what type of strep causes strep throat and what type specifically?

A

GAS
s.pyogenes

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17
Q

what are symptoms of bacterial strep throat?

A

swollen uvula
red/ swollen tonsils
white spots
red/ swollen throat
gray, furry tongue
bad breath
fever

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18
Q

what are symptoms of viral sore throat?

A

no fever
no bad taste
runny nose
cough

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19
Q

after strep throat, what can be caused from the leftover reservoir of infection?

A

Scarlett fever

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20
Q

what is the main symptom of scarlett fever?

A

severe fever
swollen neck
fine red rash

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21
Q

what age of people does scarlett fever mainly affect?

A

young

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22
Q

how is the rash in scarlett fever caused?

A

direct damage to capillary blood vessels

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23
Q

what is a complication of scarlett fever/ strep throat?

A

rheumatic fever

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24
Q

what are symptoms of rheumatic fever?

A

joint inflammation

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25
what causes rheumatic fever following strep throat/ scarlett fever?
immune system starts to attack healthy cells
26
what antibiotics are best for strep infections?
PenV erythromycin if allergic
27
where is staphylococcus usually found?
skin
28
is staph catalase positive or negative?
positive
29
what test can be run on staph?
coagulase
30
what types of staph is coagulase +ve?
s.aureus - MRSA
31
what staph is coagulase -ve?
s.epidermis
32
what type of anaerobe is staph?
facultative
33
what is staphs main mode of infection?q
colonisation and adhesion
34
what skin infections can s.aureus cause?
impetigo folliculitis abscess scalded skin
35
what is the toxin produces by s. aureus in skin infections?
PVL toxin
36
what can s.aureus cause elsewhere in the body?
toxic shock
37
how does s.aureus cause toxic shock?
TSST-1 superantigen = cytokine storm
38
other than skin infection and toxic shock, what else can staph cause?
ludwigs angina necrotising pneumonia acute bacterial parotitis
39
what antibiotic would be used to treat staph infection?
mupirocin - topical decontamination Vamomycin - MRSA Pen V
40
What are the 4 main pathogens of caries?
oral strep - s.mutans lactobacilli actinomyces rothia dentocariosa veillonella
41
in caries, what pathogens increase as strep mutans decrease?
lactobacilli
42
what shape are most of the caries pathogens?
gram +ve pleomorphic rods
43
what does rothia dentocariosa produce?
ESP
44
how may veillonela be classed as a good pathogen?
it uses the lactic acid as energy
45
what happens to pathogens in periodontitis?
reduction in strep and actinomyces increase in GNABs
46
Name 3 black pigmented GNABs
p.gingivallis p.intermendia p.nigrescins
47
how do you treat black pigmented GNABs?
blue light
48
what pathogens in periodontitis cluster?
fusobacteria
49
what is the red complex?
p.gingivallis tannerella forsythia treponema denticola
50
what is the orange complex?
fusobacterium p.nigrescins p.intermedia
51
what does the red and orange complex increase at the expense of?
actinomyces
52
what pathogens cause periodontal abscess?
s.anginosus GNABs fusobacterium nucleatum
53
what pathogens cause endodontic infection?
fusobacterium nucleatum enertococcus faecilis
54
what does enterococcus adhere to in endodontic infection?
collagen
55
what antibiotic is enterococcus faecalis resistant to?
PenV
56
When are you at risk of a dry socket?
post extraction
57
what is the main pathogen of dry socket?
fusobacteria
58
how do you treat a dry socket?
antiseptic dressing metronidazole chlorhexidine
59
what is treatment for ludwigs angina?
intravenous penicillin ceftriaxone and metronidazole
60
what pathogens cause periimplantitis?
s. aureus and s.epidermis GNABs fusobacteria strep
61
how would you treat periimplantits?
remove implant clindamycin and amoxycillan
62
what type of pathogen is actinomyces?
opportunistic
63
what rare infection can actinomyces cause?
actinomycosis
64
how is actinomycosis charcterised?
lumpy jaw
65
how do you treat actinomycosis?
long term penicillin
66
what are the main pathogens of ANUG?
fuso-spirochaetal complex
67
what is the fuso-spirochaetal complex?
f.nucleatum treponema vincenti
68
how do you treat ANUG?
ultrasonic scale chlorhexidine metronidazole 5 days
69
what are the main bacterial infections of upper respiratory tract?
whooping cough diptheria
70
what pathogen causes whooping cough?
bordetella pertusis
71
what is bordetella pertusis?
gram +ve cocci
72
what are main symptoms of whooping cough?
persistent cough more than 7 days
73
what is Bordetella pertussis mode of action?
attach to ciliated epithelial cells and release pertussis toxin which kills leukocytes
74
how do you treat whooping cough?
erythromycin 14 days VACCINE
75
what is diptheria?
a nose and throat infection that results in a thick grey coating of throat and tonsils
76
what pathogen is responsible for diptheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
77
what type of pathogen is Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
gram +ve cocci
78
what creates the pseudomembrane in diptheria?
diptheria toxin
79
how do you treat diptheria?
diptheria antitoxin Penicillin/ erythromycin
80
what infection does haemophilus influenza cause?
meningitis bronchitis pneumonia
81
what type of pathogen is haemophilus influenza?
gram -ve cocci
82
what is meningitis?
inflammation of protective layers surrounding brain and spinal cord
83
how do you treat infections caused by haemophilus influenza?
Immunisation bronchitis - amoxycillin/ erythromycin pneumonia - flucloxacillin + amoxycillin meningitis - cephtriaxone
84
what are the main bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract?
pneumonia tuberculosis
85
what is the main cause of pneumonia?
s.pneumoniae
86
what toxin does s.pnuemonaie produce and what does it do?
pnueomolysin toxin forms pores
87
what are symptoms of pnuemonia?
shaking/ chill chest pain blood cough
88
how do you treat pnuemonia?
amoxicillin/ erythromycin VACCINE
89
what pathogen is responsible for tuberculosis?
myobacterium tuberculosis
90
what is myobacterium tuberculosis mode of action?
forms granulatomous lesions in lungs
91
what types of tuberculosis are there?
pulmonary and oral
92
what are the risks of tuberculosis in an immunosuppressed patient?
diabetes chronic kidney disease cancer HIV/AIDS
93
How do you treat tuberculosis?
antibiotic cocktail - isoniazid - rifampicin

Microbiology (14 decks)

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