Summary of lesson 8 Flashcards
Adverb clause and types Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause: C=Clause NP= Noun Phrase: VP= Verb Phrase (12 cards)
*Function= Reason:
Because + C ( clause)
Since + C (clause)
Because of + NP ( noun phrase)
Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause:
_“Because” he doesn’t understand English, he can’t find a job.
_ “Since” he doesn’t understand English, he can’t find a job .
_ “Because of” his poor English, he can’t find a job.
*Function = Time When whenever until while for during Since
Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause:
_ “When” I find a job, I’ll buy a car
_ “Whenever” I work overtime, I make extra money.
_ I worked “until” 8 P.M. I worked “until” the store closed.
_ “while” I was slicing the bread, I cut my finger.
_I’ve worked “during” my summer vacation.
_ I’ve been working “since” 9 A.M.
_ I’ve been working “ since” I work up this morning.
Function: Purpose
_ ( in order) to + VP [verbal phrase] [base verb]
_ so (shat) + C (Clause)
_ for + NP ( noun phrase)
Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause:
_ He exercise ( in order)”to” lose weight.
_ He exercises “so” ( that ) he can lose weigh
_ He exercise “for” his hearth.
*Function: contrast _Even though + C ( Clause) _although + C ( Clause) _in spite of the fact that + C ( clause _In spite of + NP ( noun phrase)
Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause:
a._ “Even though” he’s rich, he’s not happy.
b._ “Although” he’ s rich, he’s not happy.
c._ “In spite of the fact that” he’s rich, he’s not happy.
_ “ In spite of” his wealth. he’s not happy.
*Function: Condition
_ If
_ Even if
_unless
Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause:
a. _If it snows, we won’t drive.
b. _ We’ll drive “even if” it rain.
c. _ I won’t go “unless” you go with me. I don’t want to go alone.
word that connect two independent clauses: Function: To add more to the same Idea _In addition _Therefore _moreover
word that connect two independent clauses:
_Adopting a baby from an other country is not easy. Parents have to pay a lot of money. “ In addition”, they have to get permission from the U.S. Citizenship and immigration Service.
word that connect two independent clauses:
Function: To add a contrasting idea
_ however,
_nevertheles
word that connect two independent clauses:
a_The law says that everyone is equal. “ However”, inequality still exist.
b_ The Lost Boys had a difficult childhood. Nevertheless, they are helpful for their future.
word that connect two independent clauses: Function: To show a result _Therefore _ As a result _for this reason
word that connect two independent clauses::
a. _ it is difficult for an uneducated person to find a job that pays well. “Therefore”, I’ve decided to get a college degree.
b. -there was a war in Bosnia. “For this reason”, many people left.
Words that introduce result Clause:
Function: Result with adjective and Result with adverbs.
_So + adjective+ that
_So + adverb + that
Words that introduce result Clause:
a_ I was “so tired that” I fell asleep in front of the TV.
b_She speaks English” so fluently that” everyone thinks it’s her first lenguage.
Words that introduce result Clause: Function: Result with quantity words _So many + Plural noun + that _So much + noncount noun + that _ so few + plural noun + that _ so little + noncount noun + that
Words that introduce result Clause:
a) _ I received “so many letter that “ I didn’t have time to read them all.
b) _ I received “so much mail that” I didn’t have time to read it all
c) _ He has “so few friends that” he’s lonely.
b) _ She has “so little time that” she rarely take a vacation.
Words that introduce result Clause:
Function: Result with nouns
_Such (a/an) + adjective+ singular noun +that
_such+ adjective + plural noun+ that
Words that introduce result Clause:
a) _ It was “such a good movie that” I watched it three times.
b) _ These are such good grapes that I can’t stop eating them.
Punctuation notes:
Compere:
a) He went home from work early because he was sick. ( No comma)
b) Because he was sick, he went home from work early. (Comma)
c) he was sick. Therefore, he went home from work early. ( Period before the connecting word, comma after therefore)
d) He had such a bad headache that he had to go to bed. ( No comma)
