Superficial Face

Question 0

Innervation and function of orbicularis oris

Answer 0

. Innervated by the facial nerve (VII)

. Spincter of the mouth

Question 1

Function and innervation of orbicularis oculi and its three parts?

Answer 1

. The orbicularis oculi is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and it closes the eyelids and assists in the flow of tears
. The orbital part tightly closes the eyes to protect them from glare and dust
. The palpebral part gently closes the eyes
. The lacrimal part aids in the drainage of tears

Question 2

Innervation and function of occipitofrontalis

Answer 2

. Innervated by CN VII
. Retracts/protracts the scalp and elevates the eyebrows
. Two muscle bellies

Question 3

Innervation and function of buccinator

Answer 3

. Innervated by CN VII
. Presses the cheek against the molars to keep the food in between the teeth. It is active during whistling, sucking, and blowing.

Question 4

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) does what for the superficial face?

Answer 4

. Cutaneous sensory innervation

Question 5

The facial nerve (CN VII) does what for the superficial face?

Answer 5

. Motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression

Question 6

What does the mandibular nerve, V3, do for the DEEP face?

Answer 6

. Motor innervation to the muscles of mastication

Question 7

Cutaneous branches of the cervical nerves do what?

Answer 7

. Extend over the ear and the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp
. They are from the cervical plexus

Question 8

The great auricular nerve does what? What are the nerve roots?

Answer 8

. Inferior aspect of the auricle
. Much of the area overlying the angle of the mandible (or skin inferior to the inferior aspect of the mandible)
. C2-C3

Question 9

What are the three components of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

Answer 9

. Opthalmic (V1)
. Maxillary (V2)
. Mandibular (V3)
* The mandibular branch is the only one that has motor fibers in addition to sensory fibers

Question 10

What are the five major cutaneous branches of the opthalmic (V1) nerve and what are the functional components?

Answer 10

. Supraorbital (SA)
. Supratrochlear (SA)
. Infratrochlear (SA)
. Lacrimal (SA)
. External nasal (SA)

Question 11

What are the three major cutaneous branches and functional components of the maxillary (V2) nerve?

Answer 11

. Infraorbital (SA)
. Zygomaticofacial (SA)
. Zygomaticotemporal (SA) (inconstant…whatever that means)

Question 12

What are the three major cutaneous branches and what are their functional components of the mandibular nerve (V3)?

Answer 12

. Auriculotemporal (SA, VE para/post, VA)
. Buccal (SA)
. Mental (SA)

Question 13

The motor root of the facial nerve contains what functional components and does what?

Answer 13

. Branchiomotor (BM)
. Somatosensory (SA)
. These fibers exit through the stylomastoid foramen
. Innervates the auricular (posterior auricular nerve is given off before the CN VII enters the parotid gland), mimetic, posterior belly of digastric, and stylohyoid

Question 14

The parotid plexus consists of what 5 anterior terminal branches?

Answer 14

. Temporal
. Zygomatic
. Buccal
. Mandibular
. Cervical

Question 15

Most arteries that supply the face are branches of what?

Answer 15

External carotid

Question 16

What is the major artery that supplies the face and what are its branches? Where does this artery branch from?

Answer 16

. Facial artery
. It runs medial to the masseter up to the canthus (medial angle) of the eye
. Its branches are the inferior labial (lower lip), superior labial (upper lip), lateral nasal (side of nose), and angular artery (termination of facial artery)
. It is a branch off of the external carotid artery

Question 17

What branch does the superficial temporal artery give off and what does it supply?

Answer 17

. The superficial temporal artery is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery
. The superficial temporal artery gives off the transverse facial artery
. These arteries supply the temporal region, parotid gland, and skin of the face
. They will anastomose with the facial artery

Question 18

Where do the arteries of the SCALP run?

Answer 18

Connective tissue layer, which limits their ability to constrict

Question 19

What external carotid artery branches contribute to the arteries of the scalp?

Answer 19

. Occipital
. Posterior auricular
. Superficial temporal

Question 20

What branches off of the internal carotid artery contribute to the arteries of the scalp?

Answer 20

. Supraorbital artery
. Supratrochlear artery

“these two branches are originally from the opthalmic artery”

Question 21

What provides the primary drainage of the face? Describe its course.

Answer 21

. Facial vein
. It begins as the angular vein, receives blood from the deep facial vein (which drains the pterygoid venous plexus) and then drains into the IJV

Question 22

Clinical Correlate: Danger Zone

Answer 22

. The facial vein communicates with the superior opthalmic vein, which drains into the cavernous sinus, leading to the cranial cavity
. This could lead to the spread of bacterial infections back to the cranial cavity

Question 23

Which veins contribute to the retromandibular vein? Where does it drain?

Answer 23

. The retromandibular vein originates from the superficial temporal and maxillary veins
. It has posterior and anterior branches
. The posterior branch meets the posterior auricular vein to make the EJV
. The anterior branch meets the facial vein to make the IJV via the common facial vein

Question 24

What are the layers of the SCALP?

Answer 24

. Skin . Connective tissue (nerves and vasculature) . Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis) . Loose areolar connective tissue . Pericranium (external periosteum of the neurocranium)

Question 25

What is the function of the epicranial Aponeurosis?

Answer 25

. Covers calvaria (dome of skull) . Serves as an attachment for the frontal and occiptal bellies of the occiptofrontalis muscle and the superior auricular muscle . These structures collectively form the musculoaponeurotic epicranius

Question 26

What is the function of the Loose areolar connective tissue in the SCALP?

Answer 26

. It contains potential spaces that may distend with fluid following infection or injury . This layer allows free movement of the scalp proper (S, C, A) over the calvaria

Question 27

What makes up the parotid sheath of the parotid gland?

Answer 27

. Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

Question 28

Where is the parotid gland?

Answer 28

. In the parotid bed which is between the ramus of mandible and mastoid process

Question 29

What is the course of the parotid duct?

Answer 29

. It pierces the buccinator muscle and enters the oral cavity opposite the upper second molar

Question 30

What is embedded within the parotid gland?

Answer 30

From superficial to deep: . Parotid plexus of the facial nerve . Retromandibular vein . External carotid artery

Question 31

Function of the greater auricular nerve (C2 - C3)?

Answer 31

. SENSORY Innervation of the parotid sheath, . Parotid gland, . Overlying skin

Question 32

Function of the auriculotemporal nerve (V3 branch)?

Answer 32

. SENSORY innervation to the parotid gland

Question 33

Sympathetics and Parasympathetics (visceral motor) to the parotid gland are supplied by what?

Answer 33

Sympathetics: External carotid nerve plexus Parasympathetics: Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

Question 34

What is the parotid gland secretomotor innervation pathway?

Answer 34

. para/pre fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus travel through CN IX . para/pre fibers continue through the tympanic nerve of CN IX . para/pre fibers meet the tympanic plexus and meet up with sym/post fibers of caroticotympanic nerve (they don't synapse) . para/pre (and sym/post) fibers follow the lesser petrosal nerve which goes through foramen ovale ending up in the otic ganglion . para/pre fibers synapse here . para/post fibers go through auriculotemporal nerve (V3 branch) to reach the parotid gland

Question 35

Where are the LNs in the face?

Answer 35

Only in in the parotid/buccal region

Question 36

Where does lymph from the scalp, face, and neck drain?

Answer 36

Superficial ring (pericervicular collar) of LNs

Question 37

Which LNs comprise the superficial ring (pericervicular collar)?

Answer 37

``` . Submental . Submandibular . Parotid . Mastoid . Occipital . (Superficial Cervical) ```

Question 38

Where does the superficial ring of LNs drain? Initially to eventually?

Answer 38

. Initial drainage to deep cervical LNs along IJV . Then into the thoracic duct (L) or R lymphatic duct . Both of these drain into the venous system at the junction of the IJV and subclavian

Question 39

Which part of the face drains into the parotid LNs?

Answer 39

Lateral part of face and scalp

Question 40

What part of the face drains into the deep cervical LNs?

Answer 40

Deep parotid nodes

Question 41

What part of the face drains into the submandibular LNs?

Answer 41

. Upper lip and lateral lower lip

Question 42

What part of the face drains into the submental LNs?

Answer 42

Chin and central part of lower lip

Question 43

What does the lesser occipital nerve do? Nerve roots?

Answer 43

. Cutaneous innervation to the posterior aspect of the auricle as well as the skin behind the hear . C2

Question 44

What does the greater occipital nerve do? Nerve roots?

Answer 44

. Cutaneous innervation to the skin on the back of the head | . C2