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ANATOMY: upper limb > Superficial layers of the upper limb > Flashcards

Superficial layers of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 layers of skin?

A

Dermis and epidermis

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2
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Physical and chemical barrier between the body and its exterior environment

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3
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

Provides structural and nutritional support

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4
Q

What percentage of the total body mass comes from the skin?

A

16%

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5
Q

What is the average total surface area of the skin?

A

1.8m2

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6
Q

Why is the epidermis known as a stratified squamous epithelium?

A

It consists of many layers of closely packed cells, the most superficial of which are flattened and filled with keratin.

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7
Q

What are the 4 layers of epidermis from superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

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8
Q

What is the additional layer of epidermis only found in some areas?

Where is it located?

A

Stratum lucindum

Hands and feet, between corneum and granulosum

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9
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Single layer of cells which continually divide to replace those shed from skin

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10
Q

Where re melanocytes located?

What is their function?

A

Stratum basale

Produce the pigment melanin to protect from UV rays

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11
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

Thickest layer with ‘prickle cells’ which are linked by numerous processes

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12
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Cells gradually accumulate keratohyalin granules which eventually overfill cells, destroying the nuclei and organelles

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13
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Thickest in palms and soles and contains dead keratinocytes or squames which are continually shed from the surface

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14
Q

Describe the stratum lucindum

A

Only present in hands and feet. Contains tonofibrils (densely packed keratin filaments)

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15
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains the most flattened cells?

A

Stratum corneum

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16
Q

How is the epidermis attached to the dermis?

A

Interlocking of its downward projections (epidermal ridges or pegs) with upward projections from the dermis (dermal papillae) at a site referred to as the dermoepidermal junction

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17
Q

Why are epidermal pegs structurally important?

A

They allow the skin to withstand abrasive forces and prevent the formation of blisters

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18
Q

What gives the dermis its strength?

A

The arrangement of its elastic and collagen fibres

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19
Q

Where is the dermis thin?

A

Eyelids

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20
Q

Where is the dermis thick?

A

The back

21
Q

What causes the appearance of the skin in old age?

A

Thinning of the dermis and loss of elasticity

22
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis from superficial to deep?

A

Papillary and reticular layers

23
Q

What is the thickest layer of the dermis?

A

The reticular layer

24
Q

What is the purpose of nails?

A

They provide a firm base for the pulp of the digit

25
Q

Why does the nail bed appear pink?

A

The underlying capillaries supplying from the dermis

26
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

27
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

What are they controlled by?

A

Control body temperature and are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

28
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

Axilla, mammary areola and the anogenital region

29
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands and where are they found?

A

Produce sebum which provides a protective covering for the skin

Present throughout the skin except in the palms and soles

30
Q

How is the blood supply to the skin mediated?

A

Arteriovenous anastomoses

31
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscles detect?

Where are they located?

A

Light touch

Fingers and lips

32
Q

What to pacinian corpuscles detect?

Where are they located?

A

Pressure and vibration

Deep in palms, soles and genitalia

33
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

34
Q

What is the clinical importance of dermatomes?

A

Diagnosis of problems associated with nerve related disorders, peripheral nerves of spinal injuries

Administration of local anaesthetic

35
Q

What is the superficial fascia composed of?

A

Loose connective tissue and subcutaneous fat

36
Q

Is the superficial fascia thicker in men or women?

A

Women

37
Q

Where is fat built up when weight is gained?

A

Subcutaneous fat in the superficial fascia

38
Q

Where is superficial fascia absent?

A

The eyelids, scrotum and penis

39
Q

Is the superficial fascia homogenous?

A

No, it can be differentiated into layers by fibrous tissue

40
Q

Give an example of where superficial fascia is differentiated into layers

A

The anterior abdominal wall

Consists of:

  • fatty layer (Camper’s fascia)
  • membranous layer (Scarpa’s layer)
41
Q

What is another term for deep fascia?

A

Investing fascia

42
Q

What is the deep fascia composed of?

A

Collagen fibres arranged into lines of stress

43
Q

Describe the appearance of deep fascia in the limbs

A

Tough white sheet of fibrous tissue which forms a non-elastic tight fitting sleeve

44
Q

What is the function of the deep fascia?

A

Keeps underlying structures in position

Assists in venous return

Separates muscles and neurovascular bundles into compartments which limits the spread of infection

45
Q

What are the 2 main superficial veins of the upper limb?

A

Cephalic and basilic

46
Q

How is blood received from the fingers and hand?

A

Dorsal venous arch on the dorsum of the hand formed from the cephalic and basilic veins

47
Q

What is the path taken by the cephalic vein?

A

Begins on the lateral aspect of the hand

Crosses the anatomical snuffbox

Runs up the lateral aspect of the forearm and arm to lie in the deltopectoral groove

Pierces clavipectoral fascia to join the axillary vein

48
Q

What is the path taken by the basilic vein?

A

Begins on medial aspect of wrist

Runs up forearm on medial aspect of cubital fossa

Pierces deep fascia in mid-arm to join venae comitantaes of the brachial artery to form the axillary vein

49
Q

What is the connection between the cephalic and basilic veins?

A

Median cubital vein in the cubital fossa

ANATOMY: upper limb (7 decks)

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