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ANATOMY: upper limb > The pectoral girdle and vertebral column > Flashcards

The pectoral girdle and vertebral column Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the origin of the deltoid?

A

Scapular origin:
aponeurosis at inferior lip of crest

Acromion origin:
fleshy fibres from lateral edge of acromion

Clavicular origin:
fleshy fibres of anterior surface of lateral third of clavicle

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2
Q

Where is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

Tendons converge into V-shaped deltoid tuberosity above midshaft of the humerus

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3
Q

What is the function of the lateral fibres of the deltoid?

A

Abduction at the glenohumeral joint

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4
Q

What is the function of the anterior fibres of the deltoid?

A

Medial rotation and flexion

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5
Q

What is the function of the posterior fibres of the deltoid?

A

Lateral rotation and extension

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6
Q

Which nerve supplies the deltoid?

A

Axillary

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7
Q

How many degrees of internal rotation are due to the scapulothoracic motion?

A

15

acts after glenohumeral

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8
Q

How many degrees of internal rotation are due to the glenohumeral motion?

A

120

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9
Q

What is meant by scapulothoracic rhythm?

A

Coordinated movement of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints

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10
Q

Where is the origin of the rhomboids?

A

Inferior aspect of ligamentum nuchae and spines of upper thoracic vertebrae

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11
Q

Where is the insertion of the rhomboid major?

A

Medial (vertebral) border of scapula, below spine

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12
Q

Where is the insertion of the rhomboid minor?

A

Medial (vertebral) border of scapula, above spine

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies the rhomboids?

A

Dorsal scapular

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14
Q

What is the function of the rhomboids?

A

Retraction

To a lesser extent, elevation of the scapula

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15
Q

Where is the origin of the levator scapulae?

A

C1-C4

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16
Q

Where is the insertion of the levator scapulae?

A

Vertebral border of scapula, from superior angle to root of spine

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17
Q

Which nerve supplies the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular

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18
Q

What is the function of the levator scapulae?

A

Elevation of scapula medially and upwards

simultaneously pulls it forwards

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19
Q

Where is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

Outer surfaces of upper 8/9 ribs along anterior axillary line

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20
Q

Where does the serratus anterior insert?

A

Digitations from ribs 1 and 2:
ventral surface of scapula along a narrow strip immediately adjacent to its vertebral border

Digitations from other ribs:
Ventral surface of interior angle

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21
Q

Which nerve supplies the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic

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22
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

Protracts scapula

Holds scapula close to the thoracic wall

Elevates ribs when scapula is fixed

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23
Q

Where is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior surfaces of 3rd, 4th and 5th ribs in the vicinity of their costochondral junctions

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24
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis minor

A

Medial lip of the coracoid process near its tip

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25
What is the function of the pectoralis minor?
Pulls scapula inferomedially
26
Which nerve supplies the pectoralis minor?
Medial pectoral
27
Where is the origin of the pectoralis major?
CLAVICULAR HEAD: medial half of anterior surface of the clavicle STERNOCOSTAL HEAD: 1. anterior surface of sternum 2. upper 6 costal cartilages 3. upper part of external oblique aponeurosis
28
Where is the insertion of the pectoralis major?
CLAVICULAR HEAD: anterior surface of tendon that inserts into the bicipital groove of the humerus STERNOCOSTAL HEAD: fibres converge into tendon which inserts into lateral lip of bicipital groove
29
What is the function of the pectoralis major?
Adduction and medial rotation at glenohumeral joint Accessory muscle of respiration Clavicular head is also a major flexor of the arm
30
Which nerve supplies the clavicular head of the pectoralis major?
Lateral pectoral
31
Which nerve supplies the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major?
Medial pectoral
32
Where is the origin of the latissimus dorsi?
Posterior region of iliac crest via an aponeurosis from the vertebral spines inferior to T6
33
Where is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?
Fibres converge to form a tendon which inserts into the floor of the bicipital groove of the humerus, near the crest of the lesser tuberosity
34
What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?
Adduction Medial rotation Extension of arm
35
Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal
36
What is the pectoral girdle?
The scapula and clavicle with their interposing joints; 2 anatomical joints (sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular) and a physiological joint (scapulothoracic articulation)
37
What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton
38
What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial
39
What does the stenoclavicular joint connect?
Medial end of clavicle to the clavicular notch on the manubrium together with the adjacent superior aspect of the first costal cartilage
40
What type of disc is contained within the sternoclavicular joint? What does this give rise to?
A fibrocartilaginous intra-articular disc that divides into 2 separate synovial cavities
41
What is the classification of the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial
42
How much movement is provided by the acromioclavicular joint?
Small degree of motion around all 3 potential axes
43
What is movement around the mediolateral axis of the acromioclavicular joint described as?
Rotation
44
What is the classification of the glenohumeral joint?
Synovial ball-and-socket
45
What is the difference in the surface area of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa?
Head of humerus is 3 times bigger
46
How is the stability of the glenohumeral joint increased?
Margins of the glenoid fossa extended by a fibrocartilaginous labrum
47
Where does the capsule of the glenohumeral joint attach?
The margins of the anatomical neck of the humerus
48
Why is the capsule of the glenohumeral joint lax inferiorly?
To allow abduction
49
What increases the strength of the glenohumeral joint?
coracohumeral ligament and 3 glenohumeral ligaments
50
What are the 3 planes of movement enabled by the glenohumeral joint?
Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation
51
What is circumduction?
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction to result in circular movement
52
What are the primary muscles involved in circumduction?
Pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and coracobrachialis
53
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Subscapularis Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Teres minor
54
What is the purpose of the rotator cuff muscles?
Hold the humeral head within the glenoid, giving strength and dynamic stability
55
Which muscles are responsible for abduction at the shoulder?
Initiated by supraspinatus and continued by lateral fibres of the deltoid
56
Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the shoulder?
Coracobrachialis is the only true adductor Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major can adduct the abducted shoulder
57
Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation at the shoulder?
Infraspinatus, teres minor and posterior fibres of the deltoid
58
Which muscles are responsible for medial rotation at the shoulder?
Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and the anterior fibres of the deltoid
59
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
60
How many thoracic vertebrae at there?
12
61
How many lumbar vertebrae at there?
5
62
How many sacral vertebrae at there?
5 fused
63
How many coccygeal vertebrae at there?
3-4 fused
64
Where does the vertebral column run?
Back of the head to the natal cleft
65
How does the vertebral column look when viewed posteriorly?
Linear
66
How does the vertebral column look when viewed laterally?
Primary and secondary curvatures visible
67
What causes variation in primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
Age and pathology
68
What is the primary curvature of the vertebral column?
Thoracic and sacral regions retain their curvature from birth, this does not vary with movement
69
What is secondary curvature of the vertebral column?
Lumbar region becomes concave posteriorly when walking Cervical region becomes concave posteriorly to support the head
70
How to vertebrae connect together?
Synovial joints between the inferior articular facets on one vertebra and the superior articular facet on the vertebra below
71
What is the significance of the notches on pedicles?
The notches form 2 contiguous vertebrae from the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerves to pass
72
How are intervertebral joints strengthened?
Ligaments connecting the tips and bases of spinous processes (supraspinous and interspinous), the transverse processes (intertransverse) and the laminae (ligamentum flavum)
73
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
Starts at the foramen magnum of the skull Ends at the lower border of L1 where is tapers to a cone shaped ending called the conus medullaris
74
How does the spinal cord attach to the rest of the vertebral column?
A stalk of pia matter, the filum terminale, attaches it to the end of the dural sac at S2
75
What is the cauda equina?
A mass of spinal roots from L2 to the lowest coccygeal nerve which pass caudal to the conus to exit at their respective intervertebral foramina
76
What is the function of the nerves arising from the ventral spinal roots?
Motor
77
What is the function of the nerves arising from the dorsal spinal roots?
Sensory
78
Where do spinal nerves arise from
2 roots in the vertebral column join to from a mixed spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen
79
What are the 3 meningeal layers? What is their function?
Pia, arachnoid and dura mater Protection of the spinal nerves
80
What happens to the nerve as it emerges from the intervertebral foramen?
For a small distance each nerve takes with it all 3 layers of meningeal covering. The coverings then fuse with the epineurium of the nerve root
81
How many cervical root are there?
8
82
Where are nerve roots in relation to their corresponding vertebrae? What is the exception to this
Below the vertebra Cervical vertebrae: C1 root starts above its vertebra, hence there are 8 cervical vertebrae
83
Where is the spinal epidural space?
Between the dura mater and the vertebral periosteum
84
What is contained in the spinal epidural space?
Loose connective tissue, venous plexuses and lymphatics
85
What is contained in the subarchnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid bathing the brain and spinal cord
86
Where does the subarchnoid space extend to in adults?
The termination of the lumbar cistern at the level of the second sacral vertebra

ANATOMY: upper limb (7 decks)

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