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Body Systems > Surface Tissue, Muscle tissue and Connective tissues > Flashcards

Surface Tissue, Muscle tissue and Connective tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

The functional unit of the body

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of cells that perform a particular function

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3
Q

Organ

A

Multiple tissues that perform a particular function by working together

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4
Q

Histology

A

The study of anatomy at the cellular level (including tissues)

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5
Q

What are epithelial

A

Cover skin surfaces, lines tubes and blood vessels, and can form glands

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6
Q

What is a gland?

A

Structures that produce fluid secretions, that are attached to or derived from epithelia.

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7
Q

What are some characteristics from epithelia?

A

Attachment, regeneration, polarity, avascular and cellularity

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8
Q

What does epithelia cells attach to?

A

Basement membrane

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9
Q

What are the polarities of the epithelia cells?

A

Apical side - facing the lumen

Basal - facing the outside of the tube

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10
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

Have a lack of blood vessels so the nutrients must be diffused or absorbed across the surface

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11
Q

How are epithelial cells bound together?

A

Cells are bound together by cell junction

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12
Q

Name some purposes of epithelial cells

A

Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialised secretions.

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13
Q

What does epithelial cells protect from?

A

Abrasion, dehydration, destruction from chemical and biological agents.

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14
Q

How are epithelial classified

A

Based on number of layers and shapes of the cell.

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15
Q

How many layers are in Simple

A

One layer

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16
Q

How many layers in Stratifies?

A

Two or more layers

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17
Q

Squamous shape is?

A

Flat and oval shaped nuclei

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18
Q

Cuboidol shape is?

A

Cube and round nuclei

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19
Q

Columnar shape is?

A

Rectangle with nuclei at the bottom of the base

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20
Q

What type is simple squamous and its functions?

A

One layer of flat cells. Well adapted for exchange of gas and nutrients.

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21
Q

Where is simple squamous found?

A

Blood vessels and alveoli

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22
Q

What type is Non-keratinised Stratified Squamous?

A

Has many layer with flat surface cells

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23
Q

Functions of Non-keratinised Stratified Squamous and where it is found.

A

Protection and a barrier. Found in the oesophagus and the oral cavity

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24
Q

What type of Keratinised Stratified Squamous

A

Many layers, flat surface and a layer of keratin at the top

25
Q

Function of Keratinised Stratified Squamous and found

A

Keratin is waterproof and so is found in the skin

26
Q

What type is simple cuboidal epithelium

A

One layer of square cells with round nuclei

27
Q

Function of Simple Cuboidal epithelium and where is it found?

A

Secretion and absorption. Found in the glands and kidney tubules. Can have microvilli.

28
Q

What type is Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells?

A

One layer of cells but appears to be more than one because they are different heights and the nucleus are in different positions. All touch the basement membrane. Goblet cells produce mucus.

29
Q

How do cilia and mucus work together?

A

Mucociliary escalator where the cilia moves the mucus along.

30
Q

What are Intercellular Junction?

A

Specialised areas of the cell membrane that attaches a cell to another cell.

31
Q

What type of intercellular junctions are there?

A

Tight junction, gap junction, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

32
Q

Describe a Tight junction

A

Membrane proteins lock together which prevents water and solutes to move between the cells. Used i the digestive tract in the apical side.

33
Q

Describe a gap junction?

A

Interlocking membrane proteins called connexons which hold the cells together. The connexons are channel proteins.

34
Q

Describe a desmosome

A

Interconnected by cell adhesion molecules. and proteoglycans links (proteins and glucose). Very strong and resist stretching and twisting.

35
Q

Describe Hemidesmosomes

A

Similar to desmosome but instead of cell to cell it attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement layer. This anchors the cell.

36
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Supports and interconnects parts of the body.

37
Q

What are the connective tissues composed of

A

Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibres and a fluid called ground substance.

38
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

Made of fibres and ground substances. Makes up most volume in the connective tissue.

39
Q

What cells are found in the connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cell, Macrophage

40
Q

What are Fibroblasts?

A

Cells that secrete hyaluronan and proteins for the ground surface

41
Q

What are Fibrocytes?

A

Cells that maintain the tissue fibre

42
Q

What are adipocytes

A

Fat cells

43
Q

What are Mesenchymal cells?

A

Stem cells

44
Q

What are Macrophage?

A

engulf damaged cells or pathogens.

45
Q

What is connective tissue paper

A

Connective tissue with many types of cells.

46
Q

What type of connective tissues are there.

A

Loose and Dense

47
Q

What is Loose Areolar connective tissue?

A

Mainly made of ground substance. Has lots of fibres loosely arranged. It is found under the dermis layer and epithelial tissue.

48
Q

What are dense connective tissue?

A

Occupied by lots of fibres, mainly collagen fibres

49
Q

What type of dense tissues are there?

A

Dense irregular, and regular.

50
Q

What do Dense irregular connective tissue have?

A

Little ground surface, fibroblast most dominant. Tissue can resist stretching

51
Q

What does Dense regular contain?

A

Little ground surface, collagen fibres are parallel to each to other and densely packed. Lots of fibroblast. Found in the tendon and ligaments and aponeurosis.

52
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

a specialised for contraction and produced movement.

53
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal Muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

54
Q

What do all muscle tissues have?

A

Cells parallel to axis of contraction, lots of mitochondria and contracting elements.

55
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found?

A

on bones, form sphincters in the digestive and urinay tract.

56
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

walls of blood vessels and around hallow organs. regenerate, contract themselves. Gap junctions.

57
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

located only in the heart. Cells called cardiocyte.

58
Q

Describe the cardiocyte?

A

Has a central nuclei or can have upto 5. Has connected regions called intercalated discs.

Body Systems (8 decks)

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