Surgery

Question 1

Warfare Medieval

Answer 1

100 years war - John Arderne , developed pain killing ointments of Hemlock, opium and henbane
crusades - came into contact with Islamic medicine

Question 2

Warfare Early Modern

Answer 2

Italian War - Paré ran out of oil so couldn’t cauterise wounds, instead used oil of roses, turpentine, egg yolk which was less painful

Question 3

Warfare 19th century

Answer 3

Crimean War - Florence Nightingale cleaned up hospitals, cut infection death rate from 40% to 2%

Question 4

Warfare 20th Century

Answer 4

World War 1 - 1915 first blood banks for battle casualties, Harold Gillies developed better skin grafts - 5000 patients, Thomas Splint for broken legs - 1916 80% survived a broken femur

Question 5

Individuals Early Modern

Answer 5

Da Vinci illustrated and studied the human body
John Hunter - “Father of Scientific Surgery”, let nature heal deep wounds, trained Jenner and others in the Company of Surgeons, taught anatomy, dissected human bodies

Question 6

Individuals 19th Century

Answer 6

Joseph Lister - antiseptic surgery, sterilised operating room with carbolic acid. Death rate fell from 46% - 15% in just 3 years. 1871 invented a machine to spray carbolic acid over everything

Question 7

Individuals 20th century

Answer 7

Fleming, Florey and Chain - discovered penicillin, reduced infections in surgery, reduced death rate in soldiers by 15% in WW2, 250,000 soldiers were treated

Question 8

Communication Medieval

Answer 8

Theodoric of Lucca - book “Cyrurgia”, encouraged antiseptic approach, wine soaked dressings, promoted anaesthetics

Question 9

Communication Early Modern

Answer 9

Vesalius - published “De Humani Corporis Fabrica” which explained how the body worked, used in European schools

Question 10

Communication 19th Century

Answer 10

Germ Theory - Pasteur published book in 1861, Koch taught Ehrlich, Joseph Lister was influenced by the work of Germ Theory

Question 11

Religion

Answer 11

medieval - four humours
19th century - opposition to anaesthetics
20th century - thalidomide incident caused mistrust, alternative medicines (aromatherapy)

Question 12

Government

Answer 12

19th Century - 10,220 people on medical directory, had to have a licence to practise medicine, had to have a year of experience to be a surgeon
20th Century - surgeons have to be highly trained, NHS, money to buy equipment

Question 13

Science and Technology

Answer 13

medieval - arrow cup to remove arrows, muslim doctors discovered anaesthetics
Early Modern - beak clamp to halt bleeding
19th Century - Simpson used chloroform during childbirth, 1895 X ray machine, surgical gowns
20th century - keyhole surgery, laser surgery 1987