Switches - Reverse Flashcards by Brian Rackliffe

type

returns all of the places that contain an executable named file

type -a

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uname

show all information

uname -a

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history

clear the history

history -c

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man

search man pages for a topic; requires the whatis database to work

man -k

man -k ““system information””

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man

select the section in the man page to open

man #

man 5 passwd

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xargs

specify the delimiter

xargs -d

defaults to space

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cat

display a “”$”” at the end of each line

cat -E

–show-ends

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cat

adds line numbers to the beginning of every line.

cat -n

–number

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cat

adds line numbers to the beginning of every line that contains text

cat -b

–number-nonblank

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cat

compresses groups of blank lines down to a single blank line

cat -s

–squeeze-blank

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cat

displays tab characters as ““∧I””

cat -T

–show-tabs

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cat

displays most control and other special characters using carat ( ∧ ) and M- notations.

cat -v

–show-nonprinting

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join

use CHAR as input and output field separator

join -t CHAR

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join

ignore differences in case when comparing fields

join -i

–ignore-case

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expand

have tabs NUMBER characters apart; not 8

expand -t NUMBER

–tabs=NUMBER

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sort

ignore case

sort -f

–ignore-case; (fold)

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sort

sort by three-letter month abbreviation ( JAN through DEC )

sort -M

–month-sort

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sort

compare according to string numerical value

sort -n

–numeric-sort

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sort

reverse the result of comparisons

sort -r

–reverse

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sort

sort via a key; KEYDEF gives location and type

sort -k KEYDEF
–key=KEYDEF
(KEYDEF can be two numbered fields separated by commas; to sort on multiple fields.)
E.G. sort -k 3 listing1.1.txt

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split

put NUMBER bytes per output file

split -b NUMBER

–bytes=NUMBER

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split

put at most NUMBER bytes of records per output file

split -C NUMBER

–line-bytes=NUMBER

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split

put NUMBER lines/records per output file

split -l NUMBER

–lines=NUMBER

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first truncate SET1 to length of SET2

tr -t

–truncate-set1

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delete characters in SET1; do not translate

tr -d

–delete

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unexpand

use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a)

unexpand -t LIST

–tabs=LIST

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fmt

maximum line width (default of 75 columns)

fmt -w NUMBER

–width=NUMBER

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use STYLE for numbering body lines

nl -b STYLE
–body-numbering=STYLE
STYLE is:
t (The default behavior is to number lines that aren’t empty. You can make this default explicit by using a style code of t .)
a (This style code causes all lines to be numbered; including empty lines.)
n (This style code causes all line numbers to be omitted; which may be desirable for headers or footers.)
pREGEXP (This option causes only lines that match the specified regular expression ( REGEXP ) to be numbered.)

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use STYLE for numbering header lines

nl -h STYLE
–header-numbering=STYLE
STYLE is: t (The default behavior is to number lines that aren’t empty. You can make this default explicit by using a style code of t .) a (This style code causes all lines to be numbered; including empty lines.) n (This style code causes all line numbers to be omitted; which may be desirable for headers or footers.)
pREGEXP (This option causes only lines that match the specified regular expression ( REGEXP ) to be numbered.)

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use STYLE for numbering footer lines

nl -f STYLE
–footer-numbering=STYLE
STYLE is: t (The default behavior is to number lines that aren’t empty. You can make this default explicit by using a style code of t .) a (This style code causes all lines to be numbered; including empty lines.) n (This style code causes all line numbers to be omitted; which may be desirable for headers or footers.)
pREGEXP (This option causes only lines that match the specified regular expression ( REGEXP ) to be numbered.)

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use CC for logical page delimiters

nl -d CC

–section-delimiter=CC

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insert line numbers according to FORMAT

nl -n FORMAT
--number-format=FORMAT
format is:
ln (left justified; no leading zeros);
rn (right justified; no leading zeros);
rz (right justified with leading zeros).

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output COLUMN columns and print columns down; unless -a is used

pr -NUMBER
–columns=NUMBER
default is 80

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double space the output

pr -d

–double-space

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pr
use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F)

pr -f

-form-feed
F

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pr
set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56; and with -F 63). implies -t if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10

pr -l NUMBER

–length=NUMBER

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use a centered STRING instead of filename in page header; -h “””” prints a blank line; don’t use -h””””

pr -h STRING

–header=STRING

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omit page headers and trailers; implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10

pr -t

–omit-header

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offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces; do not affect -w or -W; MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH

pr -o

–indent=NUMBER

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set page width to NUMBER (72) characters for multiple text-column output only; -s[char] turns off (72)

pr -w NUMBER

–width=NUMBER

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head

print the first NUM bytes of each file; with the leading ‘-‘; print all but the last NUM bytes of each file

head -c NUMBER

–bytes=[-]NUMBER

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head

print the first NUM lines instead of the first 10; with the leading ‘-‘; print all but the last NUM lines of each file

head -n NUMBER

–lines=[-]NUMBER

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tail

output the last NUMBER bytes; or use -c +NUMBER to output starting with byte NUMBER of each file

tail -c NUMBER

–bytes=[+]NUMBER

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tail

output the last NUM lines; instead of the last 10; or use -n +NUM to output starting with line NUM

tail -n NUMBER

–lines=[+]NUMBER

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tail

output appended data as the file grows;

tail -f

–follow[={name|descriptor}]

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tail

with -f; terminate after process ID; PID dies

tail –pid=NUMBER

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cut

select only these bytes

cut -b LIST
–bytes=LIST
LIST can be a single number (such as 4 ); a closed range of numbers (such as 2-4 ); or an open range of numbers (such as -4 or 4- ).

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cut

select only these characters

cut -c LIST
–characters=LIST
LIST can be a single number (such as 4 ); a closed range of numbers (such as 2-4 ); or an open range of numbers (such as -4 or 4- ).

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cut

select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character; unless the -s option is specified

cut -f LIST
–fields=LIST
LIST can be a single number (such as 4 ); a closed range of numbers (such as 2-4 ); or an open range of numbers (such as -4 or 4- ).

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cut

use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter

cut -d STRING

–delimiter=STRING

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cut

do not print lines not containing delimiters

cut -s

–only-delimited

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print the newline counts

wc -l

–lines

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print the word counts

wc -w

–words

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print the byte counts

wc -c

–bytes

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print the character counts

wc -m

–chars

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print the maximum display width

wc -L

–max-line-length

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grep
Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching lines for each input file. With the -v; –invert-match option (see below); count non-matching lines.

grep -c

–count

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grep
Obtain patterns from file STRING; one per line. If this option is used multiple times or is combined with the -e (–regexp) option; search for all patterns given. The empty file contains zero patterns; and therefore matches nothing.

grep -f STRING

–file=STRING

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grep

Ignore case distinctions; so that characters that differ only in case match each other.

grep -i

–ignore-case

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grep
Read all files under each directory; recursively; following symbolic links only if they are on the command line. Note that if no file operand is given; grep searches the working directory. This is equivalent to the -d recurse option.

grep -r
–recursive
or use rgrep

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grep
Interpret PATTERN as a list of fixed strings (instead of regular expressions); separated by newlines; any of which is to be matched.

grep -F
–fixed-strings
or use fgrep

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grep

Interpret PATTERN as an extended regular expression (ERE; see below).

grep -E
–extended-regexp
or use egrep

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sed

Display the current line number

sed =

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sed

Append text to the file.

sed a\text

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sed

Insert text into the file

sed i\text

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sed

Append text from filename into the file

sed r filename

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sed

Replace the selected range of lines with the provided text

sed c\text

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sed

Replace text that matches the regular expression ( regexp ) with replacement

sed s/regexp/replacement/[g]

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sed

Write the current pattern space to the specified file.

sed w filename

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sed

Immediately quit the script; but print the current pattern space.

sed q

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sed

Immediately quit the script.

sed Q

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rpm
Modifies the Linux system having a root directory located at dir . This option can be used to maintain one Linux installation discrete from another one (say; during OS installation or emergency maintenance).

rpm –root STRING

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rpm

Forces installation of a package even when it means overwriting existing files or packages.

rpm –force

used with: -i ; -U ; -F

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rpm

Displays a series of hash marks ( # ) to indicate the progress of the operation.

rpm -h
–hash
used with: -i ; -U ; -F

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rpm

Used in conjunction with the -h option to produce a uniform number of hash marks for each package.

rpm -v

used with: -i ; -U ; -F

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rpm
Specifies that no dependency checks be performed. Installs or removes the package even if it relies on a package or file that’s not present or is required by a package that’s not being uninstalled.

rpm –nodeps

used wih: -i ; -U ; -F ; -e

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rpm

Checks for dependencies; conflicts; and other problems without actually installing the package.

rpm –test

used with: -i ; -U ; -F

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rpm

Sets the installation directory to STRING (works only for some packages).

rpm –prefix STRING

used with: -i ; -U ; -F

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rpm

Queries or verifies all packages.

rpm -a
–all
used with: -q ; -V

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rpm

Queries or verifies the package that owns file

rpm -f STRING
–file STRING
used with: -q ; -V

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rpm

Queries the uninstalled RPM STRING

rpm -p STRING

used with -q

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rpm

Displays package information; including the package maintainer; a short description; and so on

rpm -i

used with -q

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rpm

Displays the packages and files on which this one depends

rpm -R
–requires
used with -q

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rpm

Displays the files contained in the package.

rpm -l
–list
used with -q

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rpm

Installs a package; system must not contain a package of the same name

rpm -i

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rpm

Installs a new package or upgrades an existing one

rpm -U

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rpm

Upgrades a package only if an earlier version already exists

rpm -F

–freshen

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rpm

Queries a package—finds whether a package is installed; what files it contains; and so on

rpm -q

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rpm

Verifies a package—checks that its files are present and unchanged since installation

rpm -v

–verify

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rpm

Uninstalls a package

rpm -e

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rpm

Builds a binary package; given source code and configuration files; moved to the rpmbuild program with RPM version 4.2

rpm -b

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rpm

Builds a binary package; given a source RPM file; moved to the rpmbuild program with RPM version 4.2

rpm –rebuild

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rpm

Rebuilds the RPM database to fix errors

rpm –rebuilddb

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cpio

extract an archive

cpio -i

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cpio

create directories

cpio –make-directories

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yum

Installs one or more packages by package name. Also installs dependencies of the specified package or packages.

yum install

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yum
Updates the specified package or packages to the latest available version. If no packages are specified; yum updates every installed package.

yum update

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yum
Checks to see whether updates are available. If they are; yum displays their names; versions; and repository area ( updates or extras ; for instance).

yum check-update

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yum
Works like update with the –obsoletes flag set; which handles obsolete packages in a way that’s superior when performing a distribution version upgrade

yum upgrade

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yum

Deletes a package from the system; similar to rpm -e ; but yum also removes depended-on packages

yum remove

or erase

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yum

Displays information about a package; such as the installed version and whether an update is available

yum list

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yum
Displays information about packages that provide a specified program or feature. For instance; typing yum provides samba lists all the Samba-related packages; including every available update. Note that the output can be copious.

yum provides

or whatprovides

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yum
Searches package names; summaries; packagers; and descriptions for a specified keyword. This is useful if you don’t know a package’s name but can think of a word that’s likely to appear in one of these fields but not in these fields for other packages

yum search

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yum

Displays information about a package; similar to the rpm -qi command

yum info

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yum
Cleans up the Yum cache directory. Running this command from time to time is advisable; lest downloaded packages chew up too much disk space.

yum clean

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yum

Enters the Yum shell mode; in which you can enter multiple Yum commands one after another

yum shell

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yum

Displays packages matching the specified dependency.

yum resolvedep

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yum

Installs the specified local RPM files; using your Yum repositories to resolve dependencies

yum localinstall

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yum
Updates the system using the specified local RPM files; using your Yum repositories to resolve dependencies. Packages other than those updated by local files and their dependencies are not updated

yum localupdate

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yum

Displays dependencies of the specified package.

yum deplist

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dpkg

Installs a package

dpkg -i

–install

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dpkg

Reconfigures an installed package: runs the post-installation script to set site-specific options

dpkg –configure

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dpkg

Removes a package but leaves configuration files intact

dpkg -r

–remove

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dpkg

Removes a package; including configuration files

dpkg -P

–purge

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dpkg

Displays currently installed packages

dpkg –get-selections

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dpkg

Displays information about an installed package

dpkg -p

–print-avail

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dpkg

Displays information about an uninstalled package file

dpkg -I

–info

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dpkg

Lists all installed packages whose names match pattern

dpkg -l STRING

–list pattern

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dpkg

Lists the installed files associated with a package

dpkg -L

–listfiles

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dpkg

Locates the package(s) that own the file(s) specified by pattern

dpkg -S STRING

–search pattern

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dpkg

pattern -C or –audit Searches for partially installed packages and suggests what to do with them

dpkg -c

–audit

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dpkg
Modifies the Linux system using a root directory located at STRING . Can be used to maintain one Linux installation discrete from another one; say during OS installation or emergency maintenance.

dpkg –root=STRING

used with: all

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dpkg

Disables packages that rely on one that is being removed.

dpkg -B
–auto-deconfigure
used with -r

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dpkg
Overrides defaults that would ordinarily cause dpkg to abort. Consult the dpkg man page for details of what (specified by things ) this option does.

dpkg –force-things

used with: assorted

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dpkg

ignores dependency information for the specified package

dpkg –ignore-depends=package

used with: -i; -r

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dpkg

Checks for dependencies; conflicts; and other problems without actually installing or removing the package

dpkg –no-act

used with: -i; -r

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dpkg

Installs all packages that match the package-name wildcard in the specified directory and all subdirectories

dpkg –recursive

used with: -i

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dpkg

Doesn’t install the package if a newer version of the same package is already installed.

dpkg -G

used with: -i

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dpkg

Doesn’t install the package if the same version of the package is already installed.

dpkg -E
–skip-same-version
used with: -i

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apt-cache

displays information about the packages listed on the command line.

apt-cache showpkg

eg: apt-cache showpkg samba

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apt-cache
You can learn how many packages you’ve installed; how many dependencies are recorded; and various other statistics about the package database

apt-cache stats

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apt-cache

Find Unmet Dependencies

apt-cache unmet

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apt-cache

Display Dependencies

apt-cache depends

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apt-cache

Locate All Packages

apt-cache pkgnames
If you include a second parameter; as in apt-cache pkgnames sa ; the program returns only those packages that begin with the specified string.

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apt-get

Downloads package files but doesn’t install them.

apt-get -d
–download-only
used with: upgrade ; dselect- upgrade ; install ; source

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apt-get

Attempts to fix a system on which dependencies are unsatisfied.

apt-get -f
–fix-broken
used with: install ; remove

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apt-get

Ignores all package files that can’t be retrieved (because of network errors; missing files; or the like)

apt-get -m
–ignore-missing ; or –fix-missing
used with: upgrade ; dselect- upgrade ; install ; remove ; source

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apt-get
Omits some progress indicator information. May be doubled (for instance; -qq ) to produce still less progress information

apt-get -q
–quiet
used with: all

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apt-get

Performs a simulation of the action without actually modifying; installing; or removing files

apt-get -s
–simulate ; –just- print ; –dry-run ; – recon ; or –no-act
used with: all

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apt-get

Produces a ““yes’’ response to any yes/no prompt in installation scripts.

apt-get -y
–yes ; or –assume- yes
used with: all

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apt-get

Compiles a source package after retrieving it.

apt-get -b
–compile; or –build
used with: source

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apt-get

auses apt-get to not upgrade a package if an older version is already installed.

apt-get –no-upgrade

used with: install

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apt-get

Obtains updated information about packages available from the installation sources listed in /etc/apt/sources.list .

apt-get update

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apt-get
Upgrades all installed packages to the newest versions available; based on locally stored information about available packages.

apt-get upgrade

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apt-get

Performs any changes in package status (installation; removal; and so on) left undone after running dselect .

apt-get dselect-upgrade

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apt-get
Similar to upgrade ; but performs ``smart’’ conflict resolution to avoid upgrading a package if doing so would break a dependency.

apt-get dist-upgrade

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apt-get
Installs a package by package name (not by package filename); obtaining the package from the source that contains the most up-to-date version.

apt-get install

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apt-get

Removes a specified package by package name

apt-get remove

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apt-get
Retrieves the newest available source package file by package filename using information about available packages and installation archives listed in /etc/apt/sources.list

apt-get source

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apt-get

Checks the package database for consistency and broken package installations

apt-get check

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apt-get
Performs housekeeping to help clear out information about retrieved files from the Debian package database. If you don’t use dselect for package management; run this from time to time in order to save disk space.

apt-get clean

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apt-get

Similar to clean ; but removes information only about packages that can no longer be downloaded.

apt-get autoclean

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aptitude

install package STRING

aptitude install STRING

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aptitude

uninstall package STRING

aptitude install STRING-

also remove STRING

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aptitude

uninstall package STRING

aptitude remove STRING

also install STRING-

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aptitude
less conservative about removing packages in the upgrade process; and so it is more likely to complete its tasks. However; it may break software in the process.

aptitude full-upgrade

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aptitude

conservative about removing packages or installing new ones and so may fail

aptitude safe-upgrade

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aptitude

earches the database for packages matching the specified name

aptitude search

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aptitude

removes already-downloaded packages that are no longer available

aptitude autoclean

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aptitude

removes all downloaded packages

aptitude clean

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aptitude

displays a complete list of options.

aptitude help

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alien

converts to debian

alien –to-deb

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alien

converts to rpm

alien –to-rpm

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alien

converts to tgz

alien –to-tgz

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ldconfig

Display Verbose Information

ldconfig -v

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ldconfig
causes ldconfig not to perform its primary duty of updating the library cache. It will; though; update symbolic links to libraries; which is a secondary duty of this program.

ldconfig -N

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ldconfig
causes ldconfig to update the links contained in the directories specified on the command line. The system won’t examine the directories specified in /etc/ld.so.conf or the trusted directories ( /lib and /usr/lib )

ldconfig -n

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ldconfig

the opposite of -N ; it causes ldconfig to update the cache but not manage links.

ldconfig -X

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ldconfig

change the configuration file from /etc/ld.so.conf to STRING

ldconfig -f STRING

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ldconfig

change the cache file that ldconfig creates to STRING

ldconfig -C STRING

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ldconfig
tells ldconfig to treat dir as if it were the root ( / ) directory. This option is helpful when you’re recovering a badly corrupted system or installing a new OS

ldconfig -r STRING

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ldconfig

Causes ldconfig to display the current cache—all of the library directories and the libraries they contain

ldconfig -p

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uname

display all information

uname -a

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uname

displays the system’s node name; that is; its network hostname.

uname -n

–nodename

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uname

displays the kernel name; which is Linux on a Linux system

uname -s

–kernel-name

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uname

find the kernel version

uname -v

–kernel-version

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uname

The actual kernel version number

uname -r

–kernel-release

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uname

returns information about your machine. This is likely to be a CPU code; such as i686 or x86_64 .

uname -m

–machine

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uname
may return information about your CPU; such as the manufacturer; model; and clock speed; in practice; it returns unknown on many systems

uname -p

–processor

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uname

theoretically returns hardware platform information; this option often returns unknown

uname -i

–hardware-platform

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uname

returns the OS name—normally GNU/Linux for a Linux system

uname -o

–operating-system

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Display Help

ps –help

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Display All Processes

ps -A

also -e

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Display All Processes

ps -e

also -A

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ps
Lift the BSD-style ““must have a tty”” restriction;
displays all processes owned by the user who gives the command

ps x

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display processes owned by user STRING

ps -u STRING
–User user
also U STRING
STRING may be a user name or uid

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display processes owned by user STRING

ps U STRING
–User user
also U STRING
STRING may be a user name or uid

Display Process Hierarchy

ps -H
–forest
also -f

Display Process Hierarchy

ps -f
–forest
also -f

don’t truncate output at 80 columns

ps -w

also w

top

how often top updates

top -d NUMBER

defaults to 5 seconds

top

only display the listed processes

top -p NUMBER
NUMBER is a pid
up to 20 pids can be listed

top

display NUMBER updates then quit

top -n NUMBER

top
specifies batch mode; in which top doesn’t use the normal screen-update commands. You might use this to log CPU use of targeted programs to a file; for instance

top -b

top

display help

top h while running

also ?

top

kill a process

top k while running

top

quit

top q while running

top

change a process’s priority

top r while running

top

changes the display’s update rate

top s while running

top

sets the display to sort by CPU usage; which is the default

top P while running

top

change the display to sort by memory usage with this command

top M while running

nice

run the program with NUMBER niceness

nice -n NUMBER
also -NUMBER
–adjustment=NUMBER

nice

run the program with NUMBER niceness

nice -NUMBER
also -n NUMBER
–adjustment=NUMBER

renice

Specify the scheduling priority to be used for the process; process group; or user.

renice [-n] NUMBER

–priority NUMBER

renice

change niceness on the pid NUMBER

renice -p NUMBER

renice

change niceness on the gid NUMBER

renice -g NUMBER

renice

change niceness on the uid NUMBER

renice -u NUMBER

e.g. renice 7 16580 -u pdavison tbaker

kill

List signal names

kill -l

kill
specify the signal to send
common signals are 1(SIGHUP); 9(SIGKILL); 15(SIGTERM)

kill -s STRING

killall

Interactively ask for confirmation before killing

killall -i

–interactive

lspci

Increases verbosity of output.

lspci -v

This option may be doubled ( -vv ) or tripled ( -vvv ) to produce yet more output

lspci

Displays information in numeric codes rather than translating the codes to manufacturer and device names.

lspci -n

lspci

Displays both the manufacturer and device names and their associated numeric codes

lspci -nn

lspci

Displays the PCI configuration space for each device as a hexadecimal dump.

lspci -x
This is an extremely advanced option. Tripling ( -xxx ) or quadrupling ( -xxxx ) this option displays information about more devices

lspci

hows IRQ numbers and other data as seen by devices rather than as seen by the kernel

lspci -b

lspci

Displays a tree view depicting the relationship between devices

lspci -t

lspci
Displays only devices that match the listed specification. This can be used to trim the results of the output
-s [[[[ domain ]:] bus ]:] [ slot ][.[ func ]]

lspci -s STRING

lspci

Shows data on the specified device.

lspci -d STRING

-d [ vendor ]: [ device ]

lspci

Uses the specified file to map vendor and device IDs to names. (The default is /usr/share/misc/pci.ids .)

lspci -i STRING

lspci
Dumps data in a machine-readable form intended for use by scripts. A single -m uses a backward-compatible format; whereas doubling ( - mm ) uses a newer format

lspci -m

lspci

Displays PCI domain numbers. These numbers normally aren’t displayed.

lspci -D

lspci
Performs a scan in bus-mapping mode; which can reveal devices hidden behind a misconfigured PCI bridge. This is an advanced option that can be used only by root .

lspci -M

lspci

Displays version information.

lspci –version

modprobe

display extra information

modprobe -v

–verbose

modprobe

This option overrides the default configuration directory (/etc/modprobe.d)

modprobe -C STRING

–config

modprobe

This option does everything but actually insert or delete the modules

modprobe -n
–dry-run
useful when combined with -v

modprobe
Reverses modprobe 's usual effect; it causes the program to remove the specified module and any on which it depends

modprobe -r

–remove

modprobe
force the module loading even if the kernel version doesn't match what the module expects. This action is potentially dangerous

modprobe -f

–force

modprobe
shows all of the modules on which the specified module depends

modprobe –show-depends

modprobe

displays a list of available options whose names match the wildcard you specify

modprobe -l STRING

-list
eg. modprobe -l v* displays all modules whose names begin with v

rmmod

display some extra information about what it’s doing

rmmod -v

–verbose

rmmod
forces module removal even if the module is marked as being in use. Naturally; this is a very dangerous option;

rmmod -f

–force

rmmod
wait for the module to become unused rather than return an error message if the module is in use. Once the module is no longer being used (say; after a bluetooth device is disconnected); rmmod unloads the module and returns

rmmod -w

–wait

lsusb

display more information

lsusb -v

lsusb

restricts output to the specified bus and device number.

lsusb -s STRING

-s [[ bus ]:][ devnum ]

lsusb

restrict output to a particular vendor and product

lsusb -d STRING

-d [ vendor ]: [ product ]

lsusb
displays information about the device that’s accessible via filename ; which should be a file in the /proc/bus/usb directory tree

lsusb -D STRING

lsusb

displays the device list as a tree so that you can see what devices are connected to specific controllers more easily

lsusb -t

lsusb

displays the version of the lsusb utility

lsusb -V

–version

fdisk

display the current partition table

fdisk -l

fdisk

delete a partition

fdisk d while running

fdisk

display help

fdisk m while running

also ?

fdisk

change the partition type code

fdisk t while running

fdisk

display common partition type codes

fdisk l while running

fdisk

set the bootable flag

fdisk a while running

fdisk

exit

fdisk q while running

fdisk

save changes and exit

fdisk w while running

gdisk

display existing partitions

gdisk print while running

mkfs

sets the reserved-space percentage to NUMBER

mkfs -m NUMBER

tune2fs

Adjust the number of mounts after which the filesystem will be checked by e2fsck

tune2fs -c NUMBER

tune2fs
Adjust the maximal time between two filesystem checks. No suffix or d will interpret the number interval-between-checks as days; m as months; and w as weeks. A value of zero will disable the time-dependent checking.

tune2fs -i NUMBER

tune2fs

converts ext2 to ext3

tune2fs -j

tune2fs

sets the reserved-space blocks to NUMBER

tune2fs -r NUMBER

xfs_admin

enable version 2 log (journal) format

xfs_admin -j

xfs_admin

obtain the filesystem’s label (name)

xfs_admin -l

xfs_admin

obtain the filesystem’s uuid

xfs_admin -u

xfs_admin

set the filesystem’s label (name)

xfs_admin -L STRING

xfs_admin

set the filesystem’s uuid

xfs_admin -U STRING

debugfs

produces superblock information; similar to what dumpe2fs displays

debugfs show_super_stats while running

also stats

debugfs

display the inode data on a file or directory

debugfs stat STRING (while running)

STRING is the name of a file or directorhy

debugfs

undelete a file

debugfs undelete NUMBER STRING (while running)
also undel
NUMBER is the inode number and STRING is the name you want to give i

debugfs

obtain a list of deleted inodes

debugfs lsdel (while running)
also list_deleted_inodes

debugfs

extract a file from the filesystem

debugfs write STRING1 STRING2 (while running)
STRING1 is the name of a file in the filesystem that you’re manipulating and STRING2 is a filename on your main Linux system.

debugfs

produces a summary of available commands

debugfs list_requests (while running)
also lr; help; or ?

debugfs

exit the program

debugfs quit

fsck

check all of the filesystems marked to be checked in /etc/fstab .

fsck -A

fsck

displays a text-mode progress indicator of the check process

fsck -c

fsck

produces verbose output of the check process

fsck -v

fsck

display what it would normally do without actually doing it

fsck -N

fsck

causes the program to check only the specified filesystem types; even if others are marked to be checked

fsck -t STRING
used with -A
If STRING is prefixed with no ; then all filesystems except the specified type are checked

fsck

passes STRING to the underlying check program

fsck –STRING

df
includes pseudo-filesystems with a size of 0 in the output. These filesystems may include /proc ; /sys ; /proc/bus/usb ; and others

df -a

–all

scale and label its units

df -h

–human-readable

scale and label its units using powers of 10

df -H

–si

scale and label its units using kilobytes

df -k

–kilobytes

scale and label its units using megabytes

df -m

–megabytes

report on available and used inodes

df -i

–inodes

omit network filesystems

df -l

–local

display filesystem type

df -T

–print

displays only information about filesystems of the specified type

df -t STRING

–type=STRING

don’t display information about filesystems of the specified type

df -x STRING

–exclude=STRING

report on individual files as well.

du -a

–all

add a grand total to the end of its output

du -c

–total

scale and label its units;

du -h

–human-readable

scale and label its units using powers of 10

du -H

–si

scale and label its units using kilobytes

du -k

–kilobytes

scale and label its units using megabytes

du -m

–megabytes

count the space each hardlink takes (useful if you want to burn to optical storage)

du -l

–count-links

limits the report to NUMBER levels

du –max-depth=NUMBER

equivalent to –max=depth=0

du -s

–summarize

du
limits the report to the current filesystem. If another filesystem is mounted within the tree that you want summarized; its contents aren’t included in the report

du -x

–one-file-system

mount

mount all of the filesystems listed in the /etc/fstab

mount -a

mount

mount the filesystem read-only

mount -r

mount

produces verbose output

mount -v

mount

mount the filesystem for both read and write

mount -w

also: -o rw

mount

specify the filesystem type

mount -t STRING

mount

mount the filesystem whose label matches STRING

mount -L STRING

mount

mount the filesystem whose UUID matches STRING

mount -U STRING

mount
Causes the default options for this filesystem to be used. It’s used primarily in the /etc/fstab file to ensure that the file includes an options column

mount -o defaults

supported filesystems: all

mount
Causes the loopback device for this mount to be used. Allows you to mount a file as if it were a disk partition. For instance; mount -t vfat -o loop image.img /mnt/image mounts the file image.img as if it were a disk

mount -o loop

supported filesystems: all

mount
Mounts or doesn’t mount the filesystem at boot time or when root issues the mount -a command. The default is auto ; but noauto is appropriate for removable media. Used in /etc/fstab

mount -o auto or noauto

supported filesystems: all

mount
Allows or disallows ordinary users to mount the filesystem. The default is nouser ; but user is often appropriate for removable media. Used in /etc/fstab . When included in this file; user allows users to type mount /mountpoint (where / mountpoint is the assigned mount point) to mount a disk. Only the user who mounted the filesystem may unmount it.

mount -o user or nouser

supported filesystems: all

mount

Similar to user ; except that any user may unmount a filesystem once it’s been mounted.

mount -o users

supported filesystems: all

mount
Similar to user ; except that the user must own the device file. Some distributions; such as Red Hat; assign ownership of some device files (such as /dev/fd0 for the floppy disk) to the console user; so this can be a helpful option

mount -o owner

supported filesystems: all

mount
Changes one or more mount options without explicitly unmounting a partition. To use this option; you issue a mount command on an already-mounted filesystem but with remount along with any options that you want to change. This feature can be used to enable or disable write access to a partition; for example

mount -o remount

supported filesystems: all

mount
Specifies a read-only mount of the filesystem. This is the default for filesystems that include no write access and for some with particularly unreliable write support

mount -o ro

supported filesystems: all

mount

Specifies a read/write mount of the filesystem. This is the default for most read/write filesystems

mount -o rw

supported filesystems: All read/write filesystems

mount
Sets the owner of all files. For instance; uid=1000 sets the owner to whomever has Linux user ID 1000. (Check Linux user IDs in the /etc/passwd file.)

mount -o uid=NUMBER

supported filesystmes: Most filesystems that don’t support Unix-style permissions; such as vfat ; hpfs ; ntfs ; and hfs

mount

Works like uid= value ; but sets the group of all files on the filesystem. You can find group IDs in the /etc/group file

mount -o gid=value

supported filesystems: Most filesystems that don’t support Unix-style permissions; such as vfat ; hpfs ; ntfs ; and hfs

mount
Sets the umask for the permissions on files. value is interpreted in binary as bits to be removed from permissions on files. For instance; umask=027 yields permissions of 750; or –rwxr-x— . Used in conjunction with uid= value and gid= value ; this option lets you control who can access files on FAT; HPFS; and many other foreign filesystems.

mount -o umask=value

supported filesystems: Most filesystems that don’t support Unix-style permissions; such as vfat ; hpfs ; ntfs ; and hfs

mount

Similar to umask ; but sets the umask for directories only; not for files.

mount -o dmask=value

supported filesystems: Most filesystems that don’t support Unix-style permissions; such as vfat ; hpfs ; ntfs ; and hfs

mount

Similar to umask ; but sets the umask for files only; not for directories.

mount -o fmask=value

supported filesystems: Most filesystems that don’t support Unix-style permissions; such as vfat ; hpfs ; ntfs ; and hfs

mount
If code is b or binary ; Linux doesn’t modify the files’ contents. If code is t or text ; Linux auto-converts files between Linux-style and Windows- or Macintosh-style end-of-line characters. If code is a or auto ; Linux applies the conversion unless the file is a known binary file format. It’s usually best to leave this at its default value of binary because file conversions can cause serious problems for some applications and file types.

mount -o conv=code

supported filesystems: Most filesystems used on Microsoft and Apple OSs: msdos ; umsdos ; vfat ; hpfs ; and hfs

mount

Disables Rock Ridge extensions for ISO-9660 CD-ROMs.

mount -o norock

supported filesystems: iso9660

mount

Disables Joliet extensions for ISO-9660 CD-ROMs.

mount -o nojoliet

supported filesystems: iso9660

umount

attempt to unmount all of the partitions listed in /etc/mtab

umount -a

umount
force an unmount operation that might otherwise fail. This feature is sometimes helpful when unmounting NFS mounts shared by servers that have become unreachable

umount -f

umount

if it can’t unmount a filesystem; it should attempt to remount it in read-only mode

umount -r

umount

unmount only partitions of the specified type. You can list multiple filesystem types by separating them with commas.

umount -t STRING

ls
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

ls -F
--classify
/ Directory
* Executable
| Named pipe
= Socket
@ Symbolic Link

show hidden files (dot)

ls -a

–all

long listing

ls -l

colored listing

ls –color

only list the directory’s name; useful for globbing for directories

ls -d

–directory

display directory contents recursively.

ls -R

–recursive

overwrite any existing files without prompting

cp -f

–force

prompt before overwriting

cp -i

–interactive

preserves ownership and permissions; if possible

cp -p

–preserve

copy recursively

cp -R
–recursive
Although -r also performs a recursive copy; its behavior with files other than ordinary files and directories is unspecified. Most cp implementations use -r as a synonym for -R ; but this behavior isn’t guaranteed

cp
similar to -R ; but it also preserves ownership and copies links as is. The -R option copies the files to which symbolic links point rather than the symbolic links themselves.

cp -a

–archive

copy the file only if the original is newer than the target or if the target doesn’t exist

cp -u

–update

touch

change the access time alone; not the modification time

touch -a

–time=atime

touch

change the modification time alone; not the access time

touch -m

–time=mtime

touch

don’t create the file if it doesn’t exist

touch -c

–no-create

touch

ets the time to the value specified by STRING

touch -t STRING

MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]

tar

Changes to directory dir before performing operations

tar C

-directory
eg. tar -xvzf bigfile.tar.gz -C /folder/subfolder/

tar

Uses the file called file on the computer called host as the archive file

tar f

–file [host:]file

tar

Performs an incremental backup or restore; using file as a list of previously archived files

tar g STRING

–listed- incremental file

tar

Creates or extracts a multi-volume archive

tar M

–multi- volume

tar

Preserves all protection information

tar p

–preserve- permissions

tar

Retains the leading / on filenames

tar P

–absolute- paths

tar

Lists all files read or extracted; when used with –list ; displays file sizes; ownership; and time stamps

tar v

–verbose

tar

Verifies the archive after writing it

tar W

–verify

tar

Compresses an archive with gzip

tar z

–gzip or – ungzip

tar

Compresses an archive with bzip2

tar j
–bzip2
some older versions used I or y

tar

Compresses an archive with xz

tar J

–xz

tar

Creates an archive

tar c

–create

tar

Appends tar files to an archive

tar A

–concatenate

tar

Appends non- tar files to an archive

tar r

–append

tar

Appends files that are newer than those in an archive

tar u

–update

tar

Compares an archive to files on disk

tar d

–diff or –compare

tar

Lists an archive’s contents

tar t

–list

tar

Extracts files from an archive

tar x

–extract or –get

cpio

creates an archive and copies files into it

cpio -o

–create

cpio

extracts data from an existing archive.

cpio -i

–extract

cpio

combines the copy-out and copy-in modes; enabling you to copy a directory tree from one location to another.

cpio -p

–pass-through

cpio

Resets the access time after reading a file so that it doesn’t appear to have been read.

cpio -a

–reset- access-time

cpio

Appends data to an existing archive.

cpio -A

–append

cpio

Uses the contents of filename as a list of files to be extracted in copy-in mode.

cpio -E STRING

–pattern-file=filename

cpio

Uses filename as the cpio archive file; if this parameter is omitted; cpio uses standard input or output.

cpio -F STRING

–file=filename

cpio
Uses a specified format for the archive file. Common values for format include bin (the default; an old binary format); crc (a newer binary format with a checksum); and tar (the format used by tar ).

cpio -H STRING

–format=format

cpio
Uses the filename specified by STRING instead of standard input. (Unlike -F ; this option does not redirect output data.)

cpio -I STRING

cpio
In copy-in mode; extracts files relative to the current directory; even if filenames in the archive contain full directory paths.

cpio –no-absolute-filenames

cpio
Uses the filename specified by STRING instead of standard output. (Unlike -F ; this option does not redirect input data.)

cpio -o STRING

cpio

Displays a table of contents for the input

cpio -t

–list

cpio

Replaces all files without first asking for verification.

cpio -u

–unconditional

cpio
Displays filenames as they’re added to or extracted from the archive. When used with -t ; displays additional listing information (similar to ls -l ).

cpio -v

–verbose

use STRING as the input file

dd if=STRING

dd if=/dev/sda3 of=/dev/dvd

use STRING as the output file

dd of=STRING

dd if=/dev/sda3 of=/dev/dvd

dd
read the filesystem using a block size of NUMBER
1024 seems good

dd bs=NUMBER

read count*bs bytes from the input file

dd count=NUMBER

overwrite any existing files without prompting

ln -f

–force

prompt before overwriting

ln -i

–interactive

attempt to make a hard link to a directory

ln -d
or -F or –directory
usually fails

make a symbolic link

ln -s

–symbolic

mkdir

causes the new directory to have the specified permission mode; expressed as an octal number.

mkdir -m STRING

–mode=mode

mkdir

create parent directories as needed

mkdir -p

–parents

rmdir

don’t display an error message if the directory isn’t empty

rmdir –ignore-fail-on-non-empty

rmdir

delete parent directories recursively

rmdir -p

-parents
eg. rmdir -p one/two/three

chown

chown -R

–recursive

chmod

set permissions for the owner

chmod u

chmod

set permissions for the group

chmod g

chmod

set permissions for all others (world)

chmod o

chmod

set permissions for ugo

chmod a

chmod

add permissions

chmod +

chmod

remove permissions

chmod -

chmod

set permissions equal to

chmod =

chmod

read permission

chmod r

chmod

write permission

chmod w

chmod

execute permission

chmod x

chmod

execute permission only if it’s already set

chmod X

chmod

SUID or SGID

chmod s

chmod

sticky bit

chmod t

chmod

existing owner’s permissions

chmod u

chmod

existing other permissions

chmod o

umask
display permissions that will not be removed from files/folder symbolically
e.g. u=rwx;g=rx;o=rx

umask -S

newgrp

reinitializes the environment as if the user had just logged in

newgrp -l

chattr
Linux won’t update the access time stamp when you access a file. This can reduce disk input/output; which is particularly helpful for saving battery life on laptops.

chattr [+-]A

chattr

disables write access to the file except for appending data.

chattr [+-]a

chattr

causes the kernel to compress data written to the file automatically and uncompress it when it’s read back.

chattr [+-]c

chattr
cannot be modified: it cannot be deleted or renamed; no link can be created to this file and no data can be written to the file.

chattr [+-]i

chattr
tells the kernel to journal all data written to the file. This improves recoverability of data written to the file after a system crash but can slow performance. This flag has no effect on ext2 filesystems.

chattr [+-]j

chattr

when the file is deleted; the kernel zeros its data blocks

chattr [+-]s

chattr
disables this behavior: small data pieces at a file’s end that don’t fill a complete block are merged with similar pieces of data from other files

chattr [+-]t

quotacheck

create aquota.user and aquota.group files

quotacheck -c

quotacheck

check user quotas

quotacheck -u

quotacheck

check group quotas

quotacheck -g

edquota
sets the soft limit grace period
0 disables it
grace periods are per filesystem, not per user

edquota -t

edquota

edit the quota for the group STRING

edquota -g STRING

quota

display group quotas

quota -g

quota

omits NFS mounts

quota -l

quota

limits output to filesystems on which usage is over the limit

quota -q

find

find files that have the specified permissions

find -perm NUMBER
also symbolically
e.g. -perm g=w

find

find files that have any of the specified permission bits set

find -perm +NUMBER

find

locate files that use NUMBER units of space; rounding up

find -size NUMBER
NUMBER is specified in 512k blocks
trail with c for bytes
trail with k for kibibytes
trail with M for Mebibytes

find

locate files larger than NUMBER units of space; rounding up

find -size +NUMBER

find

locate files less than NUMBER units of space; rounding up

find -size -NUMBER

find

locates files whose gid matches GID

find -gid NUMBER

find

locate files whose group matches STRING

find -group STRING

find

locates files whose uid matches UID

find -uid NUMBER

find

locate files whose owner matches STRING

find -user STRING

find

only recuse NUMBER directories

find -maxdepth NUMBER

which

show all matches

which -a

type

shortens the output to builtin ; file ; alias ; or other short identifiers.

type -t

type
provides a complete list; for instance; it provides both the alias expansion and the location of the ultimate executable when provided with an alias name.

type -a

chkconfig

list the services and their applicable runlevels

chkconfig –list

chkconfig

set the STRING1 program to on or off (STRING2) on the runlevels specified in NUMBER with no delimiters

chkconfig –level NUMBER STRING1 STRING2

chkconfig –level 23 nfs-common on

chkconfig
adds the STRING script to those managed by chkconfig
This approach may not work if the script lacks the necessary comment lines with runlevel sequence numbers for chkconfig ‘s benefit

chkconfig –add STRING

shutdown

shutdown now

shutdown

cancel a pending shutdown

shutdown -c

shutdown

reboot

shutdown -r

shutdown

halt

shutdown -H

shutdown

power off

shutdown -P

shutdown

usually powers off; may halt

shutdown -h

systemctl

Displays the current status of all configured units.

systemctl list-units

systemctl

Changes to the default target uni

systemctl default

systemctl

Starts the named unit and stops all others.

systemctl isolate
systemctl isolate rescue.target
go into single user mode

systemctl

Starts the named unit.

systemctl start STRING

systemctl

Stops the named unit.

systemctl stop STRING

systemctl

Causes the named unit to reload its configuration file.

systemctl reload STRING

systemctl

Causes the named unit to shut down and restart.

systemctl restart STRING

systemctl

Displays the status of the named unit. (You can pass a PID value; rather than a name; if you like.)

systemctl status STRING

systemctl

Configures the unit to start when the computer next boots.

systemctl enable STRING

systemctl

Configures the unit not to start when the computer next boots.

systemctl disable STRING

vi commands while running

opens a new line immediately below the current line; moves the cursor to that line; and enters insert mode

vi commands while running o

vi commands while running

copy # lines

vi commands while running #yy

vi commands while running

cut # lines

vi commands while running #dd

vi commands while running

copy from cursor to end of word

vi commands while running yw

vi commands while running

cut from cursor to end of word

vi commands while running dw

vi commands while running

paste

vi commands while running p

vi commands while running

enter text replacement mode

vi commands while running R

vi commands while running

enter insert mode and advance the cursor 1 space

vi commands while running a

vi commands while running

:wq

vi commands while running ZZ

vi commands while running

change case under cursor and advance 1

vi commands while running ~

vi commands while running

undo

vi commands while running u

vi commands while running

inserts a new line immediately below the current one and enters insert mode on that line

vi commands while running o

vi commands while running

search forward for text

vi commands while running /

vi commands while running

search backward for text

vi commands while running ?

vi commands while running

clear from cursor to the end of the word and enter insert mode

vi commands while running cw

vi commands while running

clear line and enter insert mode

vi commands while running cc

vi commands while running

go to line #

vi commands while running #G

vi commands while running

move cursor to top of screen

vi commands while running H

vi commands while running

move cursor to bottom of screen

vi commands while running L

vi commands while running

replace STRING1 with STRING2 globally

vi commands while running :%s/STRING1/STRING2/g
remove g to do the first occurance on each line
to do only lines 3 through 5; replace % with 3,5

vi commands while running

load file STRING for editing

vi commands while running :e STRING

closes the currently open file

vi commands while running

load file STRING on the line after the cursor

vi commands while running :r STRING

vi commands while running

run external command STRING

vi commands while running :!STRING

:!ls runs ls ; enabling you to see what files are present in the current directory

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