Synaptic cellular biology

Question 1

define chemical synapse

Answer 1

functional communication between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell

Question 2

pre synaptic neuron

Answer 2

neuron that releases neurotransmitters that are stored in synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft

Question 3

synaptic cleft

Answer 3

space between the pre and post synaptic cells

Question 4

post synaptic cell

Answer 4

cell on the other side of the synaptic cleft that expresses the neurotransmitter receptors facing the synaptic cleft

Question 5

calcium mediates the binding vesicle to the cell membrane VIA which proteins

Answer 5

SNARE

Question 6

SNARE proteins

Answer 6

large protein complexes attatched to the synaptic vesicles

Question 7

calcium sensor protein that is a component of SNARE proteins

Answer 7

synaptotagmin

Question 8

when calcium binds to synaptotagmin what happens

Answer 8

helps vesicle attatch to the membrane, neurotransmitter is then released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis.
- vesicle becomes part of the cell membrane and only the neurotransmitter enters the synaptic cleft

Question 9

which neurotransmitters effect the PNS

Answer 9

acetylcholine
norepinepherine
epinephrine
serotonin

Question 10

rate limiting factor for ACh

Answer 10

availability of choline for reaction

Question 11

degradation of ACh

Answer 11

acetylcholine esterase (AChE)

Question 12

norephinephrine is the one neurotransmitter that is synthesized within the ___

Answer 12

synaptic vesicle

Question 13

norephineprine that leaks out of the vesicle into the sytoplasm and are converted by ____
to epinepherinee

Answer 13

PNMT

Question 14

PNMT

Answer 14

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine. It is also expressed in small groups of neurons in the human brain and in selected populations of cardiomyocytes

Question 15

rate limiting factor of NE and E

Answer 15

activity and availability of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) converting the amino acid tyrosine into L-DOPA

Question 16

degeadation of NE

Answer 16

diffuse from synaptic cleft into the circulation and at the liver Monamine Oxidase (MAO) abd catchol -o-methyltransferase (COMT)

Question 17

rate limiting factor of serotonin

Answer 17

enzyme activity of tryptophase - 5 - hydroxylase convering the amino acid typtophan to 5-HTP

Question 18

Enzyme: Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase, Aromatic L-Amino Acid
Decarboxylase (AADC)
Rate-limiting factor: conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTP by
tryptophan-5-hydroxylase

Answer 18

Seratonin

Question 19

catecholamines (NE and E) are degraded via MAO and COMT whereas acetylcholine is
degraded via

Answer 19

AChE

Question 20

post synaptic receptor
Ionotropic

Answer 20

ligand-gated ion channels
o Results in membrane potential change
o FAST transmission

Question 21

post synaptic receptor
Metabotropic

Answer 21

G-protein coupled receptors
o Results in signal cascade of second
messengers
o SLOW transmission
o Tends to have longer lasting and
more diverse effects

Question 22

T or F
serotonin has both CNS and peripheral targets (bone remodeling,
lipolysis, glucose metabolism, bone marrow, gut microbiome

Answer 22

T

Question 23

T or F
One type of neurotransmitter can, however, bind to both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Answer 23

T

Question 24

Enzymes needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitters are first made in the _______

Answer 24

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

neuro transmitter enzymes are transported to the ____ and then down the axon to the presynapctic terminal

Answer 25

Golgi apparatus

Question 26

where are neurotransmitters synthesized in the cytoplasm

Answer 26

at the presynaptic terminal and then transported into synaptic vesicles NE is an exception as it is synthesized in the presynaptic vesicles.

Question 27

exocytosis is ____ dependent

Answer 27

calcium

Question 28

neurotransmitter is released via ____

Answer 28

exocytosis

Question 29

where are small molecule transmitters made

Answer 29

pre synaptic area

Question 30

when are neurotransmitters released

Answer 30

in response to pre synaptic depolarization and the release is Ca2+ dependent

Question 31

specific receptors exist on the post synaptic cell that mind the molecule

Question 31

specific mechanisms exist which terminate its

Answer 31

action

Question 32

action potentials depolarize the ___ membrane

Answer 32

pre synaptic

Question 33

voltage gated Ca2+ channels VGCC on the presynaptic membrane open

Question 34

intracellular Ca2+ increase 1000 fold

Question 35

TETANUS AND BOULINUM TOXIN INHIBIT SNARE FUNCTION

Question 36

define endocytosis

Answer 36

following vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release the vesciles needs to be recycled through a process called endocytosis

Question 37

neurotransmitter synthesis in cytoplasm followed by transport into synaptic vesciles except for

Answer 37

norepinephrine where last step of biosynthesis occurs inside the vesscile