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English Language > Syntax > Flashcards

Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

Phrase

A

A group of related words. (A single unit of syntax)

The goal here is to IMPROVE EFFICIENCY.

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2
Q

Clause

A

A group of words containing a subject and a predicate

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3
Q

Sentence

A

a sequence of words capable of standing alone (and have meaning)

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4
Q

Declarative

A

Statements or sentences that state a fact

It is very cold

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5
Q

Imperative

A

Commands or sentences that give orders or requests

Do not go out into the cold!

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6
Q

Exclamative

A

Sentences that express strong feeling or emotion

Gosh it’s cold

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7
Q

Interrogative

A

Questions or sentences that ask for an answer

Are you cold?

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8
Q

Subject

A

The something or someone that the sentence is about

JOHN is going outside

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9
Q

Predicate

A

expresses something about the subject

John is GOING OUTSIDE

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10
Q

Complement

A

a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression

Ryan is UPSET
That made Micheal LAZY

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11
Q

Adverbial

A

a word or phrase functioning as a constituent and typically expressing place, time or manner.

in the garden
at 3 o’clock

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12
Q

Constituent

A

A single unit (phrase) of a sentence

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13
Q

Sentence Fragment

A

fails to be a sentence in the sense that it cannot stand by itself. It does not contain an independent clause.

In Japan when the rain was heavy.
(No Predicate)

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14
Q

Simple Sentence

A

also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb.

Some {students} [like] to study in the morning

{Subject} [Verb]

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15
Q

Compound Sentence

A

contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator

{Sally} [likes] to study and {Stuart} [plays] football.

{Subject} [Verb]

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16
Q

Complex Sentence

A

has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

The {teacher} [returned] the homework /after/ {she} [noticed] the error.

{Subject} [Verb] /Subordinators/

17
Q

Compound-Complex Sentences

A

two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Although I like to go camping, I haven’t had the time to go lately, and I haven’t found anyone to go with.

18
Q

Ellipsis

A

the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are unnecessary or able to be understood from contextual clues

19
Q

Nominalisation

A

Turning a verb or adjective into a noun

Googled

20
Q

Coordination

A

In linguistics, coordination is a frequently occurring complex syntactic structure that links together two or more elements, known as conjuncts or conjoins.

I was at the park.
It was a sunny day.
I was at the park and it was a sunny day.

21
Q

Subordination

A

Contrasting to coordination, Subordination involves the main clause and the subordinate clause. (Independent and Dependant)
The subordinate clause cannot function without a coordinator (Conjunction) to a main clause.

Mary is jumping AND jack is doing so also.

22
Q

Passive Voice

A

The passive voice is a grammatical construction.
The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as Our troops defeated the enemy) appears as the subject of a sentence with passive voice (e.g. The enemy was defeated by our troops).

23
Q

There-Construction

A

The insertion of a dummy subject pronoun there in order to allow the subject to appear later. Usually an ‘empty’ construction.

For example: There are two different books on the table.

24
Q

Clefting

A

Splitting off a part of the sentence in order to give it prominence - thereby forming two clauses. The first is introduced by an empty subject ‘it’ and a form of ‘be’, with the rest being recast as a relative clause. For example: From ‘I saw him last year’ -> “It was last year that I saw him.”

25
Q

Agentless Passive

A

Our Troops Defeated the Enemy

The enemy was defeated

26
Q

Antithesis

A

Contrasting phrases that exist in similar places in a sentence/text

We will supply the best product…
We will not supply bad stuff…

27
Q

Paralellism

A

Similar phrases that exist in similar places in the text.

This is the best thing ever…
This is the coolest thing ever…

28
Q

Listing

A

a series of words written or printed together in a meaningful grouping or sequence so as to constitute a record

English Language (5 decks)

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