Synthetic Routes Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid reagents
A
Potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid
2
Q
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid conditions
A
Warm under reflux
3
Q
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid observation
A
Orange to green
4
Q
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid type of reaction
A
Oxidation
5
Q
Carbonyl to alcohol reagents
A
NaBH4 (aq)
6
Q
Carbonyl to alcohol conditions
A
Room temperature
7
Q
Carbonyl to alcohol mechanism
A
Nucleophilic addition
8
Q
Carbonyl to alcohol type of reaction
A
Reduction
9
Q
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reaction
A
Addition
10
Q
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reagents
A
NaCN and HCl (aq)
11
Q
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile conditions
A
Room temperature
12
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide reagent
A
NaOH
13
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide conditions
A
Room temperature
14
Q
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile mechanism
A
Nucleophilic addition
15
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate reagent
A
Na2CO3
16
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acid with sodium carbonate conditions
A
Room temperature
17
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide products
A
Salt and water
18
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate products
A
Salt, water and carbon dioxide gas
19
Q
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate observations
A
Colourless has evolved which turns limewater milky
20
Q
Acid-base: carboxylate salt with acids reagent
A
HCl (aq)
21
Q
Acid-base: carboxylate salts with acids conditions
A
Room temperature
22
Q
Acid-base: carboxylate salt waits acid products
A
Carboxylic acid
23
Q
Estérification reagents
A
Any alcohol and carboxylic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
24
Q
Estérification conditions
A
Heat and reflux
25
Estérification products
Ester and water
26
Estérification mechanism
Nucleophilic addition/elimination
27
Acid hydrolysis of esters reagent
Dilute sulphuric acid
28
Acid hydrolysis of esters conditions
Heat under reflux
29
Acid hydrolysis of esters products
Carboxylic acid and water
30
Another name for alkaline hydrolysis
Saponification
31
Is saponification réversible or irreversible?
Irreversible
32
Alkaline hydrolysis reagent
NaOH(aq)
33
Alkaline hydrolysis conditions
Heat under reflux
34
Alkaline hydrolysis products
Carboxylate salt and an alcohol
35
Acylation with water products
Carboxylic acid and HCl
36
Acylation with water conditions
Room temperature
37
Acylation with water observation
White misty fumes of HCl
38
Acylation with water mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
39
Acylation with ammonia products
Amide and HCl
40
Acylation with ammonia conditions
Room temperature
41
Acylation with ammonia observation
White misty fumes
42
Acylation with ammonia mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
43
Acylation with alcohol products
Ester and HCl
44
Acylation with alcohol conditions
Room temperature
45
Acylation with alcohols observation
White misty fumes
46
Acylation with alcohols mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
47
Acylation with primary amines products
N substituted amide and HCl
48
Acylation with primary amines observations
White misty fumes
49
Acylation with primary amines mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
50
Haloalkane to primary amine reagents
Haloalkane and excess ammonia
51
Haloalkane to primary amine conditions
Heat with excess ethanol
52
What do you do after heating a haloalkane with excess ethanol when trying to make a primary amine?
Add NaOH
53
Haloalkane to primary amine product before adding NaOH
Ammonium salt with 3H attaches to the N
54
Haloalkane to primary amine final product
Primary amine, NaCl and water
55
Haloalkane to secondary amine reagents
Haloalkane and primary amine
56
Haloalkane to secondary amine conditions
Heat
57
What do you do after heating the haloalkane when trying to make a secondary amine?
Add NaOH
58
What is the product when going from a haloalkane to a secondary amine before adding NaOH?
An ammonium salt with 2H attached to the N
59
Haloalkane to secondary amine final products
Secondary amine, NaCl and water
60
Haloalkane to secondary amine mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution
61
Haloalkane to primary amine mechanism
Nucleophilic subsititution
62
Haloalkane to tertiary amine reagents
Haloalkane and secondary amine
63
Haloalkane to tertiary amine conditions
Heat
64
What do you get after heating a haloalkane and a secondary amine together?
An ammonium salt with one H attached to the N
65
What do you add to the ammonium salt formed from the haloalkane and secondary amine?
NaOH
66
Haloalkane to tertiary amine final products
Tertiary amine, NaCl and water
67
Reagents for the formation of nitriles
Haloalkane and metal cyanide
68
Mechanism for formation of nitriles
Nucleophilic substitution
69
Haloalkane to tertiary amine mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution
70
Nitrile to primary amine type of reaction
Reduction
71
Nitrile to primary amine reagents
Hydrogen and nickel catalyst
72
Nitrile to primary amine conditions
Heat
73
Amines with acids products
An ammonium salt with chlorine
74
Alkyl ammonium salts with alkalis products
Amine, NaCl and water
75
Amino acids with acids reagents
HCl
76
Amino acids with acids conditions
Room temperature
77
Amino acid with alkalis reagents
NaOH
78
Amino acids with alkalis conditions
Room temperature
79
Acid-base réactions of amino acids mechanism
Nucleophilic addition elimination
80
Condensation reaction of amino acids products
A polymer and water
81
Hydrolysis of proteins reagents
6mol dm-3 HCl
82
Hydrolysis of proteins conditions
Heat, reflux
83
Condensation reactions of amino acids mechanism
Nucleophilic addition elimination
84
Addition polymerisation mechanism
Free radical addition
85
Addition polymerisation conditions
High temperature with a Ziegle-Natte catalyst
86
Polyester reagents
Dicarboxylic acid and a diol
| Or diacyl chloride and a diol
87
Polyester made from a dicarboxylic acid and diol conditions
H2SO4 heat under reflux
88
Polyester from a diacyl chloride and a diol conditions
Room temperature
89
Polyamide reagents
Dicarboxylic acid and a diamine
| Or diacyl chloride and a diamine
90
Polyamide from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine conditions
Warm under reflux
91
Polyamide from a diacyl chloride and a diamine conditions
Room temperature
92
Condensation polymerisation mechanism
Nucleophilic addition elimination
93
Hydrolysis of polyesters reagents
NaOH aq
94
Hydrolysis of polyesters conditions
Heat
95
Hydrolysis of polyesters products
Dicarboxylate salt, diol and water
96
Hydrolysis of polyamides reagents
HCl aq
97
Hydrolysis of polyamides conditions
Heat
98
Polyester from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol products
Polyester and 2n-1 H2O
99
Polyester from a diacyl chloride and a diol products
Polyester and 2n-1 HCl
100
Polyamide from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine products
Polyamide and 2n-1 H2O
101
Polyamide from a diacyl chloride and a diamine products
Polyamide and 2n-1 HCl
102
Nitration of benzene reagents
Conc HNO3 in conc H2SO4
103
Nitration of benzene conditions
50-55 degrees C under reflux
104
Nitration of benzene mechanism
Electrophilic substitution
105
Alkylation of benzene reagent
Chloroalkane with anhydrous AlCl3
| Or alkene with anhydrous AlCl3 and HCl
106
Alkylation of benzene conditions
50 degrees C under reflux
107
Alkylation of benzene mechanism
Electrophilic substitution
108
Acylation of benzene product
Phenylketone
109
Acylation of benzene reagent
Acyl chloride and anhydrous AlCl3
110
Acylation of benzene conditions
50 degrees C under reflux
111
Acylation of benzene mechanism
Electrophilic substitution
112
Reduction of nitrobenzene product
Phenylamine
113
Reduction of nitrobenzene reagents
Sn in conc HCl
114
Reduction of nitrobenzene conditions
Heat under reflux
115
Alkene to dihaloalkane reagent
X2
116
Alkene to dihaloalkane conditions
20 degrees C
117
Alkene to alkane reagents
H2 and nickel catalyst
118
Alkene to alkane conditions
150 degrees C
119
Alcohol to alkene reagents
Conc H2SO4 or H3PO4
120
Alcohol to alkene conditions
170 degrees C
121
Alkene to alcohol reagents
Steam
| H3PO4 catalyst
122
Alkene to alcohol conditions
300 degrees C
| 60-70 atm
123
Alkane to haloalkane reagents
X2
124
Alkane to haloalkane conditions
UV light
125
Alkene to haloalkane reagents
Halogen halide
126
Alkene to haloalkane conditions
20 degrees C
127
Alcohol to haloalkane reagents
NaX
| H2SO4
128
Alcohol to haloalkane conditions
20 degrees C
129
Haloalkane to alcohol reaction
Warm NaOH or KOH, H2O
| Reflux
130
Haloalkane to nitrile reagents
NaCN or KCN
| Ethanol
131
Haloalkane to nitrile conditions
Reflux
132
Haloalkane to amine reagents
Excess ethanolic ammonia (or amines)
133
Haloalkane to amine conditions
Heat
134
Nitrile to amine reagents when under reflux
LiAlH4 then dilute acid
| Or Na and ethanol
135
Nitrile to amine reagents under high temperature and pressure
H2
| Ni/Pt catalyst
136
Carboxylic acid to make an acyl chloride reagents
SOCl2
137
Acyl chloride to make a carboxylic acid reagents
Cold water
138
Nitrile to carboxylic acid reagents
Dilute HCl
139
Nitrile to carboxylic acid conditions
Reflux
140
Benzene to halobenzene reagents
X2
| AlCl3 catalyst
141
Benzene to halobenzene conditions
Warm
142
Phenol to sodium phenoxide reagent
NaOH
143
Phenol to sodium phenoxide conditions
20 degrees C
144
Phenol to an Ester reagents
Acyl chloride
145
Phenol to an Ester conditions
29 degrees C
146
Phenol to 2 or 4-nitrolphenol reagents
Dilute HNO3
147
Phenol to 2 or 4-nitrophenol conditions
20 degrees C
148
Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol reagents
Bromine water (Br2)
149
Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromoohenol conditions
20 degrees C
