Systems and Stuff

Question 1

musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

consists of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and the skeletal muscle system (voluntary or striated muscle). Working together, these two systems protect the internal organs, maintain posture, produce blood cells, store minerals and enable the body to move.

Question 2

skeletal system

Answer 2

consists of the bones and joints

Question 3

skeletal muscle system

Answer 3

voluntary or striated muscle

Question 4

skeleton

Answer 4

the bones or shell of an animal that support and protect it as well as allowing movement

Question 5

bones

Answer 5

the pieces of hard tissue that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate

Question 6

bone marrow

Answer 6

a substance inside bones in which blood cells are made

Question 7

cartilage

Answer 7

a waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by cartilage.

Question 8

calcium

Answer 8

an element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.

Question 9

phosphorus

Answer 9

a substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

Question 10

minerals

Answer 10

any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

Question 11

ossification

Answer 11

hardening of bones

Question 12

brittle

Answer 12

breaks easily into many pieces

Question 13

ligaments

Answer 13

band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place

Question 14

synovial fluid

Answer 14

the liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other

Question 15

pivot joint

Answer 15

joint that allows a twisting movement

Question 16

hinge joints

Answer 16

joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only

Question 17

ball and socket joints

Answer 17

joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another

Question 18

immovable joints

Answer 18

joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow

Question 19

muscles

Answer 19

tissue consisting of cells that can shorten

Question 20

involuntary muscles

Answer 20

muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.

Question 21

voluntary muscles

Answer 21

muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts

Question 22

tendons

Answer 22

tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

Question 23

greenstick fracture

Answer 23

a break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children

Question 24

fracture

Answer 24

a break in a bone

Question 25

stem cells

Answer 25

undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow

Question 26

osteoporosis

Answer 26

loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken

Question 27

sprains

Answer 27

injury caused by tearing a ligament

Question 28

arthritis

Answer 28

a condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful

Question 29

tennis elbow

Answer 29

an injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful

Question 30

torn hamstrings

Answer 30

a common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee joint

Question 31

oxygen

Answer 31

a gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

Question 32

cellular respiration

Answer 32

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

Question 33

glucose

Answer 33

a simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

Question 34

carbon dioxide

Answer 34

a gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

Question 35

epiglottis

Answer 35

leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

Question 36

respiratory system

Answer 36

the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

Question 37

trachea

Answer 37

narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

Question 38

lungs

Answer 38

the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

Question 39

bronchi

Answer 39

the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

Question 40

bronchioles

Answer 40

small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

Question 41

alveoli

Answer 41

tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

Question 42

pulmonary vein

Answer 42

the vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

Question 43

aorta

Answer 43

a large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

Question 44

arterioles

Answer 44

vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

Question 45

venules

Answer 45

small veins

Question 46

pulmonary artery

Answer 46

the vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs

Question 47

diaphragm

Answer 47

flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.

Question 48

vital capacity

Answer 48

the largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

Question 49

breathing

Answer 49

movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.