Systems Path I - Neuro PPT 1

Question 1

what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US

Answer 1

stroke

Question 2

occlusion at ____ causes cortical infarcts with motor and sensory loss and often aphasia

Answer 2

trifurcation

Question 3

occlusion at ____ reveals large infarct of the right hemisphere with swelling and focal dusky discoloration

Answer 3

middle cerebral artery

Question 4

with age, astrocytes are prone to

Answer 4

develop glucose polymer inclusion bodies, termed corpora amylacea

Question 5

_______ to the CNS as Schwann cells are the PNS

Answer 5

oligodendroglia cells

Question 6

what is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid and consists of papillae with a highly vascular core covered by cuboidal epethelium

Answer 6

choroid plexus

Question 7

what is rich in neurons, including cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, basal ganglia

Answer 7

gray matter

Question 8

functions of the cerebral cortex

Answer 8

though, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, perception

Question 9

functions of the cerbellum

Answer 9

movement, balance, posture

Question 10

functions of the midbrain

Answer 10

vision, audition, eye movement, body movement

Question 11

functions of the brain stem

Answer 11

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

Question 12

functions of the thalamus

Answer 12

sensory processing, movement

Question 13

functions of hypothalamus

Answer 13

body temp, emotions, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms

Question 14

functions of the limbic system

Answer 14

emotions, memory

Question 15

accumulation of CSF OR failure of CSF absorption from the cranial vault resulting in dilation of these structures

Answer 15

hydrocephalus

Question 16

hydrocephalus: obstruction of foramen of Monro may lead to dilation of one or both lateral ventricles

Answer 16

non communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus

Question 17

hydrocephalus: paired with degenerative disease, accompanied by normal intracranial pressure and is therefore also called a

Answer 17

normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Question 18

60 yo patient, autopsy is showing lesion in ventricles (foramen of monro). diagnosis

Answer 18

non communicating type or obstructive type hydrocephalus

Question 19

infancy and childhood, before the cranial sutures have fused, the head enlarges. leads to increased intracranial pressure with headache, confusion, etc

Answer 19

hydrocephalus in a newborn

Question 20

brain may be forced out of one compartment into another

Answer 20

brain herniation

Question 21

one hemisphere is forced under the falx, cingulate lobe is the first part of that hemisphere to be displaced

Answer 21

cingulate or subfalcine herniation

Question 22

cingulate or subfalcine herniations may be associated with compression of branches of what artery

Answer 22

anterior cerebral artery

Question 23

ipsilateral oculomotor nerve is crushed by the displaced temporal lobe, leading to ipsilateral pupillary dilation and paresis of all extra ocular muscles

Answer 23

uncinate or transtentorial herniation

Question 24

medial displacement continues, the midbrain shifts away from the displaced hemisphere, leading to pressure affect on the contralateral cerebral pedicle

Answer 24

uncinate or transtentorial herniation

Question 25

brainstem and cerebellum may be forced through the foramen magnum; compressed cerebellar tonsils and medulla may lead to lethal compression of vital meduallary centers

Answer 25

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Question 26

rounded lobules or the cerebellum to become herniated or to be moved or pressed away from their usual position inside of the skull downward through the large opening in the base of the skull (foramen magnum) into the spinal canal

Answer 26

chiari malformation

Question 27

which form of chiari malformation is the simplest and most prevalent

Answer 27

chiari malformation 1 (CM1)

Question 28

both hemispheres herniate transtentorially; causes dilation of the pupils, flaccidity and coma

Answer 28

central herniation

Question 29

accumulation of the excess fluid within the brain parenchyma

Answer 29

cerebral edema

Question 30

cerebral edema: water is driven across an intact blood brain barrier by osmotic forces; caused by failure of cells or systemic water overload

Answer 30

cytotoxic edema

Question 31

cerebral edema: most common cause of edema, seen with neoplasms, abscesses, meningitis, hemorrhage, contusions, and lead poisoning

Answer 31

vasogenic edema

Question 32

cerebral edema: interstitial edema involves overproduction so that the fluid seeps across the ependymal lining of the ventricles to accumulate within the white matter

Answer 32

interstitial edema

Question 33

middle cerebral artery distribution is most commonly affected, obstruction of local blood supply by thrombosis or emoblism

Answer 33

focal cerebral ischemia

Question 34

infracted tissue is infiltrated by macrophages, becomes grossly conspicuous and is called "laminar necrosis"

Answer 34

global cerebral ischemia (widespread neuronal death)

Question 35

10 to 3 weeks, tissue liquefies, eventually leaving a fluid filled cavity lined by dark gray tissue which gradually expands

Answer 35

cerebral infarction

Question 36

results from venous sinus thrombosis, grossly they are very hemorrhagic

Answer 36

venous infarction

Question 37

52 yo patient demonstrating a cystic lesion involving the lateral left frontal lobe

Answer 37

left frontal infarct (cystic lesion)

Question 38

ischemic changes in neurons are called

Answer 38

red neurons

Question 39

how does an infarct become cystic

Answer 39

phagocytosis of the necrotic, lipid rich tissue by macrophages, which migrate into the infarct during the final week (takes about 6 months)

Question 40

major risk factors for development of cerebral atherosclerosis

Answer 40

hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and aging

Question 41

50 yo male patient was found unconscious and vigorously resuscitated, generalized swelling and irregular discoloration of gray matter, features indicative of irreversible, widespread brain injury caused by total circulatory arrest

Answer 41

global hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Question 42

hypertensive cerbro vascular accident: filled with scattered lipid laden macrophages and surrounding gliosis

Answer 42

lacunar infarcts

Question 43

transient weakness and speech difficulty likely reflect brief episodes of vascular occlusion by small embolic fragments

Answer 43

transient ischemic attacks (occurs with patients with atherosclerotic stenosis)

Question 44

extravasation of blood with compression of adjacent parenchyma; causes are hypertensive hemorrhages

Answer 44

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Question 45

hemorrhagic necrosis are mostly _____ in origin; seen in the _____ or _______

Answer 45

venous | superior sagittal sinus or deep cerebral veins

Question 46

rupture of 'berry aneurysms" is most frequent cause of the ______, may be due to extension of traumatic hematoma

Answer 46

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 47

what is the most common predisposing factor to spontaneous brain parenchymal hemorrhage

Answer 47

hypertension

Question 48

strokes due to ischemia/infarction

Answer 48

1. large vessel atherosclerotic disease (non-hemorrhagic) 2. embolic (hemorrhagic) 3. hypertensive (hemorrhages and lacunars) 4. vasospasm (second to subarachnoid hemorrhage) 5. watershed infarct (hypertension or hypoxia) 6. venous thrombosis 7. TIA

Question 49

strokes due to hemorrhage

Answer 49

1. hypertension (most common) | 2. aneurysms like berry aneurysm or subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 50

blow to the head with skull fracture

Answer 50

epidural hematoma

Question 51

significant cause of death after head injuries from falls, assaults, vehicle accidents, and sport injuries

Answer 51

subdural hematoma

Question 52

occurs in the boxing ring as the consequence of a blow that deflects the head upward and posteriorly or seen in football injuries

Answer 52

parenchymal injuries (concussion)

Question 53

when the brain strikes the irregular bony contours of the skull as a result of abrupt acceleration or deceleration

Answer 53

cerebral contusion or brain bruise

Question 54

penetrating traumatic brain injury: absence of direct damage to the vital brain centers, immediate threat to life is

Answer 54

hemorrhage