T-2 Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
What is a tissue?
A
a group of cells with a similar structure and function.
1
Q
What are cells?
A
basic building blocks of all living organisms.
2
Q
What is an organ?
A
Group of tissues working together for specific function
3
Q
What do digestive enzymes do?
A
convert food into small molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream.
4
Q
What do enzymes do?
A
Speed up reactions
5
Q
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
A
Amylase
6
Q
Where is amylase made? x3
A
Salivary gland, pancreas, small intestine
7
Q
What enzyme breaks down protein?
A
Protease
8
Q
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
A
Simple sugars
9
Q
What is protein broken down into?
A
amino acids
10
Q
Where is protease made? x3
A
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
11
Q
What is lipids broken down into? x2
A
glycerol and fatty acids.
12
Q
What enzyme breaks down lipids?
A
lipase
13
Q
Where is lipase made? x2
A
Pancreas, small intestine
14
Q
Where is bile made?
A
Liver
15
Q
Where is bile stored?
A
Gall bladder
16
Q
What does bile do?
A
Helps speed up digestion of lipids
17
Q
How does bile speed up digestion of lipids?
A
Makes lipids into smaller droplets and increases surface area and increases rate of lipid breakdown
18
Q
How does bile do to the stomach acid?
A
Neutralizes it as it is alkaline and helps rate of lipid breakdown
19
Q
What happens to the enzyme when the temperature increases?
A
Enzyme activity increases
20
Q
What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?
A
37 degrees c
21
Q
What happens to the enzyme when temperature increase past optimum?
A
Enzyme activity decreases to zero
22
Q
Why does enzyme activity increase when temperature increases?
A
Enzyme and substrate move faster so more frequent collisions
23
Q
Why does enzyme activity go to zero after optimum temperature?
A
enzyme molecules vibrate and active site denatures
24
What happens to enzyme activity if you make the ph more acidic or alkaline?
enzyme activity drops to zero
25
Why does the enzyme activity go to zero if ph is more acidic or alkali?
The active site denatures
26
What is the optimum ph for an enzyme?
Each enzyme has a different optimum ph
27
What does villi in the small intestine do?
Increases surface area for absorption of molecules
28
What circulatory system does the heart pump blood?
Double circulatory system
29
What is the purpose of coronary arteries?
To provide oxygen to muscle cells of the heart
30
What controls the resting heart rate?
Pacemaker
31
Where is the pacemaker?
Right atrium
32
What is an artificial pacemaker?
Electrical devices that correct irregularities in the heart rate.
33
Function of artery?
carry blood away from heart
34
Function of vein?
Carry blood to heart
35
Function of capillaries?
Exchange substances with tissues
36
Features of arteries? x2
-thick muscular walls
-elastic tissue
37
Features of veins? x2
-thin wall
-Valves
38
Feature of capillaries? x1
-Thin walls
39
Parts of blood? x4
-Plasma
-Red blood cell
-White blood cell
-Platelets
40
Function of red blood cell?
To carry oxygen from lungs to cells
41
Function of white blood cells?
Defends the body from infections
42
Function of platelets?
Clotting wounds
43
Function of plasma?
Transport substances around the body
44
Features of red blood cells? X2
-No nucleus
-High surface area
45
Why do red blood cells have no nucleus?
More space for oxygen
46
Why do red blood cells have a high surface area?
To absorb more oxygen
47
How do white blood cells defend the body from infections? x3
- Phagocytosis
-Producing antibodies
-Producing antitoxins
48
What is phagocytosis?
White blood cell engulfs pathogen
49
Why do white blood cells produce antibodies?
Antibodies bind to pathogens and destroy them
50
Why do white blood cells produce antitoxins?
To neutralise toxins
51
Feature of white blood cells? x1
Contains nucleus
52
Problems in donated blood? x2
-Blood type has to be the same
-diseases transmitted
53
What is CHD?
When fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries which narrow them
54
What does CHD cause?
A reduction of blood flow and less oxygen for heart muscles
55
Function of stents?
Keep the coronary arteries open.
56
Treatments for CHD?
Stents and statins
57
Function of statins?
reduce cholesterol levels in blood
58
What happens when statins reduce cholesterol levels?
Slows down fatty material build up
59
Advantages to statins? x1
-proven to reduce risk of CHD
60
Disadvantages to statins? x1
-Have side effects like liver problems
61
Advantage of stents? x1
-Allows blood to flow normally
62
Disadvantage of stents? x2
-Doesn't treat causes of CHD
-Requires surgery
63
Consequences of faulty valve? x2
-prevents blood from flowing
-blood leaking
64
Solutions for faulty valve? x2
biological or mechanical valves.
65
Advantages of mechanical valve? x1
-Last a lifetime
66
Disadvantages of mechanical valve? x1
-Increases risk of blood clots so anti clotting drugs taken
67
Advantages of biological valve?
-No drugs needed
68
Disadvantages of biological valve?
-May need to be replaced
69
What is heart failure?
When the heart cant pump enough blood around body
70
Treatment for heart failure? x2
-Donated heart
-Artificial heart
71
Disadvantage of donated heart? x2
-Not enough donated hearts
-Drugs need to be taken to stop rejection
72
Disadvantage of artificial heart? x2
-Increase risk of blood clotting
-Temporary solution
73
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread from person to person
74
What is a non-communicable disease?
a diseases that cannot be passed from person to person
75
How are communicable diseases spread?
Through pathogens
76
What is health?
The state of physical and mental well-being.
77
What causes ill health? x4
-Communicable and non- communicable diseases
-Poor diet
-Stress
- life situations
78
Which people are likely to from infectious diseases?
People with a defective immune system
79
What is epidemiology?
Studying patterns of disease to determine risk factors
80
Does a correlation prove a cause or a link?
A link
81
Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?x2
-Diet
-Smoking
82
Risk factors that affect an unborn baby? x2
-Smoking
-Alcohol
83
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
-Obesity
84
Types of tumor? x2
-Benign
-Malignant
85
What is a benign tumour?
Growths of abnormal cells which are found in one area
86
Where are benign tumours found?
Membrane
87
Feature of benign tumours?
do not invade other parts of the body.
88
What is a malignant tumour?
A cancer
89
Feature of malignant tumour?
They invade neighbouring tissues and move into bloodstream
90
What do malignant tumours do when in bloodsteam?
spread to different parts of the body and form secondary tumours.
91
Which cancers are linked to genetics? x3
-Breast
-prostate
-large intestine
92
Which cancers are linked to lifestyle? x3
-Lung cancer
-skin cancer
-mouth and throat cancer
93
What substance in the environment causes cancer?
Radon (radioactive gas)
94
Structure of leaf from top to bottom? x4
upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
95
Function of epidermal cells?
Protect surface of leaf
96
Feature of upper epidermis? x2
-Transparent
-waxy cuticle
97
Why is the upper epidermis transparent?
To allow light through
98
Why does the upper epidermis have a waxy cuticle?
Reduce evaporation of water
99
Feature of lower epidermis? x2
-Stomata
-Guard cells
100
Function of stomata? x2
-allow oxygen to leave and carbon dioxide to enter leaf
-controls the water vapour that leaves
101
What are palisade cells filled with?
Chloroplast
102
What is the spongy mesophyll filled with?
Air spaces
103
What do air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow? x2
-CO2 to diffuse from stomata to palisade cells
-O2 to diffuse from palisade cell to stomata
104
Function of xylem cell?
Transport water and mineral irons from roots to stem and leaves
105
Function of phloem?
Transport dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant
106
What is translocation?
Movement of sugar and molecules through phloem
107
Where are meristem tissues found?
Growing tips
108
What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water from surface of leaves
109
What is the process of transpiration stream? x4
1. Water evaporates from cells in leaf
2. Water vapour diffuses out through stomata
3. Water from xylem replaces water in leaf
4. water is drawn up from root hair cells up to leaf
110
Factors that affect rate of transpiration? x4
-Temperature
-Light intensity
-Air flow
-Humidity
111
How does temperature, air flow and humidity increase rate of transpiration?
Allows faster evaporation
112
How does light intensity allow faster evaporation?
increases photosynthesis
113
What is the stomata surrounded by?
Guard cells
114
What happens to the stomata and guard cells when light intensity is high?
Guard cells change shape and open stomata
115
What happens to the stomata and when it is hot?
it closes
116
Why does the stomata close when it is hot?
to reduce water loss
