T3 - Infection and response Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is a communicable disease?
A
Can be spread person to person
2
Q
What spreads communicable diseases?
A
Pathogens
3
Q
What is a non communicable disease?
A
Cannot be passed on from person to person
4
Q
What is health?
A
State of physical and mental well being
5
Q
What causes ill health? x4
A
-both diseases
-poor diet
-high stress
-life situations
6
Q
What are pathogens?
A
microorganisms that cause infectious disease
7
Q
What are the types of pathogens? x4
A
-bacteria
-virus
-protist
-fungi
8
Q
How are pathogens spread? x3
A
-direct contact
-water
-air.
9
Q
methods to reduce spread of pathogens? x5
A
-wash hands
- provide clean drinking water
-use a condom
-Isolate patients
-vaccination
10
Q
How fast do bacteria and viruses reproduce?
A
reproduce rapidly
11
Q
What does bacteria produce?
A
Toxins
12
Q
What do toxins produced by bacteria do?
A
damage tissues and make us feel ill
13
Q
Where do viruses reproduce?
A
In a cell
14
Q
Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?
A
No
15
Q
Symptoms of mealses? x2
A
-fever
-red skin rash
16
Q
How are measles spread?
A
inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs
17
Q
What is the solution for measles being fatal?
A
most young children are vaccinated against measles
18
Q
Symptoms of HIV? x1
A
Flu-like illness
19
Q
What happens over time to the immune system when you have HIV?
A
Becomes severely damaged
20
Q
What happens when the immune system gets severely damaged from HIV?
A
it can no longer fight off other infections or cancers
21
Q
Solution for HIV? x1
A
Antiretrovial drugs
22
Q
Cons of taking antiretroviral drugs for HIV?
A
Needs to be taken for rest of their life
23
Q
How is HIV spread?
A
exchange of fluids (sex, needles)
24
Q
Can bacteria be killed by using antibiotics?
A
Yes
25
How is salmonella spread? x2
-Bacteria ingested in food
-food prepared in unhygienic conditions
26
Symptoms of salmonella? x4
-Fever
-abdominal cramps
-vomiting
-diarrhoea
27
What are symptoms of salmonella caused by?
toxins created by bacteria
28
What is vaccinated against salmonella in the uk to control spread of disease?
poultry
29
What is gonorrhea?
STD
30
Symptoms of gonorrhea? x2
-a thick yellow or green discharge
-pain on urinating
31
What was gonorrhea treated by before resistant strains?
antibiotic penicillin
32
Solution for gonorrhea? x2
-Condom
-test and treat people with gonorrhea
33
How is gonorrhea spread?
sexual contact
34
What type of pathogen causes malaria?
Protist
35
Life cycle of malaria? x2
1. infected person bitten by mosquito
2. mosquito bites another person and malaria is spread
36
How to stop spread of malaria? x2
-Stop mosquito from breeding with insecticides
-prevent mosquitoes from biting humans with mosquito nets
37
What is the job of non specific defence system?
Prevent pathogens from entering human body
38
Parts of non specific defence system? x4
-skin
-nose
-trachea and bronchi
-stomach
39
What does the skin do?
forms a protective layer around body
40
Feature of skin? x2
-outer layer made of dead cells
-Produces sebum
41
Why does the skin have an outer layer of hard skin?
Hard to penetrate
42
Why does the skin produce sebum?
Kills bacteria
43
feature of nose? x1
Contains hair and mucus
44
Why does the nose contain hair and mucus?
Traps pathogens
45
Features of bronchi and trachea? x2
-covered in tiny hairs called cilia
-Cilia covered in mucus
46
why is the cilia covered in mucus?
trap pathogens
47
What does cilia do when mucus traps pathogen?
wafts mucus up towards throat and swallowed into stomach
48
Feature of stomach? x1
contain hydrochloric acid
49
What does hydrochloric acid in stomach do?
kill pathogens
50
Functions of immune system? x2
-Destroy pathogens and toxins
-protects if same pathogen invades again
51
Functions of white blood cells? x3
-Phagocytosis
-making antibodies
-antitoxin production
52
Process of phagocytosis? x3
1.white blood cell detects chemicals released by pathogen and goes towards it
2. white blood cell engulfs pathogen
3.white blood cell uses enzymes to destroy pathogen
53
What are antibodies?
Protein molecules produced by white blood cells
54
What do antibodies do?
stick to pathogen and trigger them to be destroyed
55
Features of antibodies? X2
-specific to certain pathogens
-can remain in blood for a long time
56
Why do antibodies remain in the blood for a long time?
To protect if pathogen comes again
57
What are anti-toxins?
chemicals produced by white blood cell
58
What do anti-toxins do?
stick to toxins and prevent damage against cells
59
What does TMV do?
Causes leaves to discolour in a mosaic pattern
60
How does discolouration from TMV affect plants?
Rate of photosynthesis is reduced so growth of plant is reduced
61
What does rose black spot do?
causes leaves to develop purple or black spots which turn yellow and fall off
62
How does purple and black spots from Rose black spots affect plants?
Rate of photosynthesis is reduced so growth of plant is reduced
63
How is rose black spot spread? x2
-water
-wind
64
How to stop spread of rose black spots? x2
-spray plants with fungicides
-remove and destroy infected plants
65
What is vaccination?
introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body
66
why cant a vaccination lead to the disease?
the pathogen is dead or inactive
67
what happens when vaccination is given to patient? x2
-white blood cell produces antibodies against pathogen
-at same time white blood cell divides by mitosis
68
What happens if the same pathogen returns after vaccination given?
white blood cell produce correct antibodies
69
What is herd immunity?
when an unvaccinated person cannot catch a disease as everyone around them is vaccinated
70
What pathogen does antibiotics kill?
bacteria
71
what do antibiotics do?
kill infective bacteria inside the body.
72
What do painkillers do?
treat symptoms of disease
73
What are specific bacteria treated with?
specific antibodies
74
Where does the heart digitalis originate from?
foxgloves
75
where does aspirin originate from?
willow trees
76
where was penicillin discovered from?
penicilliun mould
77
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander fleming
77
What are new drugs tested for? x3
-toxicity
-efficacy
-dose
78
what is preclinacal testing carried out on? x3
-cell
-tissues
-live animals
79
What is clinical testing carried out on? x1
Humans
80
What happens in clinical testing? x2
-low dosage of drug given to healthy volunteers
-if safe, drug given increased to find optimum dose
81
What is a placebo?
Tablet or injection with no active drug in it
82
What happens in a double blind trial?
-test group given drug
-control group given placebo
83
How does a double blind trial stop bias?
neither patient nor doctor know who recieved drug or placebo
84
antibodies are produced by what type of white blood cell?
lymphocytes
85
what is an antigen?
foreign objects
86
Proccess of producing monoclonal antibodies? x4
-mouse injected with antigen to collect lymphocytes
-combine lymphocyte with tumour cell
- select a single hybridoma cells and let it divide by mitosis to form a clone of identical cells
-monoclonal antibody collected then purified
87
Why are lymphocytes combined with tumours cell?
to be able to divide by mitosis
88
What is a hybridoma cell?
lymphocyte and tumour cells combined
89
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
from a single clone of hybridoma cells.
90
Feature of monoclonal antibodies? x1
specific to one binding site on one protein antigen
91
Uses of monoclonal antibodies? x4
-diagnosis (pregnancy test)
-lab testing
-location
-treating diseases
92
How are monoclonal antibodies used in lab testing? x2
-measure hormone level in blood
-detect pathogen in blood
93
What are monoclonal antibodies for in diagnosis?
pregnancy testing
94
why are monoclonal antibodies used in location?
To find specif molecule in cell or tissue
95
How are monoclonal antibodies used for finding location of specific molecules in cells and tissue?
attached to fluorescent dye
96
How are monoclonal antibodies used for treating diseases? x2
-toxic drug attached to antibody
-antibody attaches to cancer cell and stops it dividing
-
97
Advantage of using monoclonal antibodies?
extremely specific
98
Advantage of pregnancy test based on monoclonal antibodies? x2
-cheap
-easy to us
99
disadvantage of using monoclonal antibodies in treating diseases?
can produce harmful side effects
100
Symptoms of plant disease? x7
* stunted growth
* spots on leaves
* areas of decay
* growths
* malformed stems or leaves
* discolouration
* presence of pests.
101
Ways to identify plant disease? x3
-garden manual or wbsite
-take infected plant to lab to identify the pathogen
-uses testing kits with monoclonal antibodies
102
What does lack of nitrate ion in plants cause?
stunted growth
103
Why does a lack of nitrate ion in plants cause stunted growth?
nitrate needed for protein synthesis
104
What does a lack of magnesium ion cause?
Chlorosis
105
Why does a lack of magnesium ion in plants cause chlorosis?
Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll
106
Types of plant defence responses? x3
-physical
-chemical
-mechanical
107
Plant physical defences? x3
-cell wall
-waxy cuticle
-layers of dead cells around stems
108
Plant chemical defences? x2
-release antibacterial chemicals
-release poison
109
Plant mechanical defences? X3
-thorns or hairs
-leaves curl
-mimicry
110
Why do plants have a cell wall to protect it?
hard to penetrate
111
Why do plants have a waxy cuticle to protect it?
hard to penetrate
112
Why do plants have a layer of dead cells to protect it?
barrier to microorganisms
113
Why do plants release antibacterial chemicals to protect it?
kill bacteria
114
Why do plants release poison chemicals to protect it?
stop herbivores eating plant
115
Why do plants have a thorns and hairs to protect it?
stop herbivores eating plant
116
Why do plants have curl to protect it?
To scary herbivores
117
Why do plants use mimicry to protect it?
to trick animals to not be eaten
