T1: Nervous System Flashcards by Gabriella Doering

What is the nervous system

communication network that enables an animal to adjust itself or its part to changes in the external and internal environment

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Sensory components

to detect environment changes

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Integrative components

to process the sensory data coupled the information stored/acquired

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Motor components

to provide a response to the processed information

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What are neurons?

the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscles, or gland cells

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What is Gila?

non-neural cells that maintain homeostasis, from myelin, provide support/ protection for neurons

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What are synapes?

to transfer electric activity (information) from one cell to another

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What is a neurotransmitter?

chemical messenger

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What makes the CNS?

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

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What makes the PNS?

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, visceral afferent, Autonomic nervous system/efferent (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

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What is the Sympathetic NS?

prepares the body for action/ fight or slight

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What is the parasympathetic NS?

calms the body, helps the body conserve energy

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What does the frontal lobe do?

problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning, speaking

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Parietal lobe roles?

-left from right
-sensation
-reading
-body orientation

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Occipital lobe roles?

-vision
-color perception

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Cerebellum roles?

-balance
-coordination and control
-fine muscle control

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Brain stem roles?

-breathing
-body temperature
-digestion
-alertness/sleep
-swallowing

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Temporal lobe roles?

-understanding language
-behavior
-memory
-hearing

what is CSF?

a clear fluid that is present in the ventricles (core cavities) of the brain
- in the central canal that runs through the core of the spinal cord, and in the subarachnoid pace that surrounds the entire outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

Are there blood cells on CSF?

Almost no blood cells, little protein, different ion concentration compared to plasma

what is a spinal tap and why is it important?

sampling its pressure, cell count levels of various biochemical constituents: a common diagnostic procedure for CNS pathology

what are ventricles?

a series of interconnected cavities in the core of the brain that have an ependymal cell lining and are filled with CSF

How is CSF formed?

by the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles

where is the lateral, third, and fourth ventricle located?

lateral: 2 cerebral hemispheres
third: at the midline of the diencephalon
fourth: between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the hindbrain (pons and medulla)

What are the CSF functions?

- cushion the brain -source of nutrition for the brain -excretion of metabolic waste products -control of chemical environment -regulation of intracranial pressure

What is the BBB?

the blood brain barrier, a diffusion barrier -which impedes influx of most compounds from blood to brain -how the brain is protected form potentially harmful neuroactive chemicals in the blood and why it is difficult to deliver certain drugs effectively to the brain

What is Myelography?

injection of radiopaque into the CSF of the subarachnoid space, the dye is introduced using a needle

What is Hydrocephalus (HC) congenital?

obstruction of the flow of CSF (started at youth)

Treatment of HC

- diuretics, glucocorticoids -decrease in CSF production -shunting of CSF into another cavity us used to treat HC

Shunt in the pleural space?

ventriculoperitoneal

internal/external HC:

increase of fluid accumulation within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces

Obstructive HC:

(noncommunicating) occlusion of CSF flow within the ventricular system rostral to the site of obstruction

Communicating HC:

extraventricular impedance to normal CSF circulation and absorption; it may also be a result of excessive CSF production (rare)

Compensatory HC:

when CSF occupies space in the cranial cavity that normally would be occupied by brain parenchyma

What is a seizure?

a sudden, electrical discharge in the brain causing alterations in behavior, sensation, or consciousness

What are causes of seizures that are outside of the brain? (name?)

extracranial or metabolic - hypoglycemia -liver/kidney disease -poison -severe anemia

What are causes of seizures inside of the brain?

(intracranial or structural) - brain tumor -stroke -infection

What is a idiopathic epilepsy?

first seizure between 1-5 years of age - typically generalized clonic-tonic

What is the difference between a seizure and epilepsy?

-Seizure is a single occurrence -epilepsy is two or more unprovoked seizures

What is epilepsy?

chronic disorder, the hallmark of which is recurrent/unprovoked seizures - repeated episodes of seizures

Characteristics of epileptic seizures?

-single -may occur in clusters -caused by disturbances in the electrical activity of the brain

what are the three stages of seizures/ define them

preictal: start of a seizure ictus: stroke or attack postictal: after the attack

Seizures symptoms?

-sudden collapsing -involuntary movement of limbs -excessive drooling -uncontrollable jaw movement -lethargy

Describe the names of common seizures and characteristics

Grand mal: fall, lose consciousness, exter libs are rigid Mild: begins the same way as a grand mal seizures but will typically not involved the extension of the limbs, paddling, or loss of consciousness Petit mal: last a few seconds and is characterized by a brief period of unconsciousness, loss of muscle tone, blank stare Complex/partial seizures: create strange or omplex behaviors