T1 - Week 3 Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
What is a solution?
A
Homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
2
Q
What does homogenous mean?
A
Parts are identical to which mixture is uniform
3
Q
What is binary solution comprised of?
A
Solute and solvent
4
Q
What is an oral solution for?
A
Taken by mouth, solvent
5
Q
What is a topical solution for?
A
Application to skin or mucous membrane, aqueous or alcoholic
6
Q
What is a otic solutions for?
A
Ear, usually not aqueous
7
Q
What are ophthalmic solutions for?
A
Eye, free of particles, sterile
8
Q
What is parenteral solutions for?
A
For injection IV, IM, or SQ, free of particles, isotonic, sterile
9
Q
What are the advantages of solution dosage forms?
A
- Faster onset activity
- Good for the children and elderly
- Homogenous
- Flexible dosing and given by any route of administration
10
Q
What are the disadvantages of solution dosage forms?
A
- Bulkiness
- Leakage from container
- Less stability than solid dosage forms
- More pronounced taste
11
Q
What is Molarity (M)?
A
moles/1L
12
Q
What is Normality (N)?
A
mEq/mL or E/L
13
Q
What is Molality (m)?
A
moles/kg
14
Q
What is mole fraction (X)?
A
Ratio of the mole of 1 constituent of a solution to the total moles of all constituents
15
Q
What is mg%?
A
mg/100mL
16
Q
What is % w/w?
A
g/100g
17
Q
What is % v/v?
A
mL/100mL
18
Q
What is % w/v?
A
g/100mL
19
Q
What is mg/dL?
A
mg/100mL
20
Q
What is Osmolality?
A
mOsmol/kg
21
Q
What is Osmolarity?
A
mOsmol/L
22
Q
Which concentration expressions are temperature-independent?
A
Molality and Osmolality
23
Q
What is the definition of isosmotic?
A
Two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure
24
Q
What does it mean to be isotonic?
A
A solution having the same osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid
25
What does is mean to be hypotonic?
A solution having a lower osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid
26
What happens to a cell in an hypotonic solution?
Lysis (burst)
27
What does it mean to be hypertonic?
A solution having a higher osmotic pressure as a specific body fluid
28
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Crenation (shrink)
29
Why is it important to administer isotonic solutions in a patient?
Maintains the homeostatic qualities of the body’s intracellular fluids
30
In what instances is hypertonic solutions used for patients?
To draw fluids out of edematous tissues and into administered solutions
31
What are the properties of an ideal solution when components are mixed?
1. No heat is given off or taken in?
2. Volume does not shrink or expand
3. Final volume is the sum of the component volumes
32
Explain Raoult’s Law
Vapor pressure of each volatile constituents is equal to the vapor presure of the pure constituents multiplied by the mole fraction of the solution
33
What is a real solution?
Solutions for which changes in the physical properties when constituents are mixed
34
What is the difference between ideal and real solutions?
1. Ideal show linear relationships for Raoult’s law, Real shows curves
2. Ideal solutions have no change, real does
35
When would Raoult’s law curve upward?
When cohesive forces predominate, Alcohol/Water
36
When would Raoult’s law curve downward?
When adhesive forces predominate, HCl/Water, reduction is volume
37
When would real solutions behave like ideal solutions?
Solutions that are aqueous with low % of volatile solutes
38
What are the properties of a non-electrolytes in a nonaqueous solution?
Behaves as an ideal solution
39
What are the properties of a non-electrolytes in an aqueous solution?
1. Don’t conduct current
2. No ions present
3. Exhibit regular colligative properties
4. Sugars, alcohols, acetimide, acetone, glycerin
40
What are the properties of a strong electrolytes in a nonaqueous solution?
Forms ion pairs
41
What are the properties of a strong electrolytes in an an aqueous solution?
1. Conduct strong current
2. Totally ionized
3. Exhibit irregular colligative properties (based on number of ions)
4. Mineral acids, strong bases, all salts: HCl, NaOH, NaCl, KOH, KCl, KAc
42
What are the properties of a weak electrolytes in a nonaqueous solution?
Behave as an ideal solution
43
What are the properties of a weak electrolytes in an an aqueous solution?
1. Weak current
2. Partially ionized
3. Colligative properties based on ionization
4. Weak acids, weak bases, HOAc, NH4OH, Benzoic acid, atropine
44
What are the colligative properties?
1. Osmotic Pressure
2. Vapor Pressure Lowering
3. Freezing Point Depression
4. Boiling Point Elevation
45
What is osmosis?
When a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a high concentration until both sides are equalized
46
What type of pressure is responsible for the movement of water?
Osmotic pressure
47
What is the difference between nonelectrolytes and electrolytes in regards to osmotic pressure?
1. Nonelectrolytes: Solution contains only molecules, OP varies with concentration of the solute
2. Electrolytes: Solution contains ions and OP varies with both concentration of solute and degree of dissociation
48
What happens when there is a great number of particles that has been dissociated?
Greater osmotic pressure
49
How much of water is in an adult?
1. 40% intracellular
2. 15% intercellular
3. 5% extracellular
50
Construct the phase diagram
51
What is the osmotic pressure of biological fluids?
6.5atm (0C), 7.6 atm (38C)
52
What is the vapor pressure lowering of biological fluids?
0.12atm at 100C
53
What is freezing point depression of biological fluids?
0.52C
54
What is the boiling point elevation of biological fluids?
0.15C (100C)
55
What is the serum osmolality of biological fluids?
290-310mOsmol/kg
56
What is the osmolarity of biological fluids?
308mOsmol/L
57
How is distribution of fluids in the body modeled?
Compartment where plasma is separated from intercellular fluid
58
How is compartmental balance maintained?
Blood pressure and osmosis
59
Describe how water moves throughout the body?
1. BP forces liquid into the extracellular compartment (artery)
2. Water enters capillary from extracellular space (vein)
3. Colloidal oncotic pressure is 22mmHg
60
What happens if serum mOsmol is 320?
Weakness
61
What happens if serum mOsmol is 330?
Fainting and CNS changes
62
What happens if serum mOsmol is 300+/-?
Normal
63
What happens if serum mOsmol is 250?
Weakness
64
What happens if serum mOsmol is 233?
Seizures, coma
65
What is freezing point of blood serum and lacrimal fluid?
-0.52C
66
Which will dissociate in a solution non-electrolytes or electrolytes?
Electrolytes
67
What does it mean to have a greater dissociation?
The smaller the quantity required to produce a given osmotic pressure
68
What is the dissociation factor of NaCl?
1.8
69
What is the dissociation factor of boric acid?
1.0
70
What is the molecular weight for NaCl?
58.5g/mole
71
What is the relationship between freezing point and dissociation factor?
As dissociation increases, freezing point will decrease (become more negative)
