T2 - Biopharmaceutics E2

Question 1

What is pharmaceutics?

Answer 1

The science of preparation of drugs, dosage forms and drug delivery systems taking an account of the physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug

Question 2

What is biopharmaceutics?

Answer 2

The interrelationship between the physicochemical properties, the dosage form, and the route by which a drug is administered, on the rate and extent of drug release from the dosage form and its subsequent absorption in the body

Question 3

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 3

The mathematical and descriptive expressions of how the body handles the drug after its administration, through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 4

What is absorption?

Answer 4

Mass transfer process that involves the movement of unchanged drug molecules from the site of absorption to bloodstream

Question 5

What is distribution?

Answer 5

The reversible mass transfer of drug molecules from the systemic circulation to other parts of the body

Question 6

What is metabolism/biotransformation?

Answer 6

Represents drug elimination through enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions, removal of a drug chemically

Question 7

What is excretion?

Answer 7

The physical removal of the drug from the body into bile, urine, feces, sweat, and air

Question 8

How is a drug released in a solution?

Answer 8

Drug molecules are administered in a dosage forms, but must be in its free form

Question 9

Do all drugs undergo ADME?

Answer 9

No, depends on the route the products are administered

Question 10

What are the main routes of administration?

Answer 10

1. Enteral
2. Parenteral
3. Topical

Question 11

What is enteral?

Answer 11

Through the GI tract

Question 12

What are examples of enteral routes?

Answer 12

1. Oral
2. Buccal
3. Rectal

Question 13

What are the advantages of oral routes?

Answer 13

1. Convenient: portable, safe, no pain, easy to take
2. Cheap: no need to sterilize, compact, multi-dose bottles
3. Availability of variety of dosage forms

Question 14

What are the disadvantages of oral routes?

Answer 14

1. Inefficient: high dose, low solubility
2. First pass effect
3. Effect of food and GI motility
4. Local effect
5. Patient needs to be conscious to swallow

Question 15

What is the first pass effect?

Answer 15

1. Drug is absorbed orally are transported to the blood to the live
2. Drugs which are extensively metabolized will be metabolized in the liver during absorption

Question 16

How can oral route drugs affect food and GI motility?

Answer 16

1. Effects drug absorption
2. Absorption of some drugs is slower with food, some have higher bioavailability after food

Question 17

What is local effect?

Answer 17

Antibiotics may kill normal gut flora and allow overgrowth of fungal varieties

Question 18

What is a buccal and sublingual drugs?

Answer 18

Drugs that are held in the mouth under the tongue

Question 19

What is the difference between buccal and sublingual drugs?

Answer 19

1. Buccal: harder tablets designed to dissolve slowly (4hrs)
2. SL: softer tablets (2 min disintegration)

Question 20

What are the advantages of buccal and sublingual routes?

Answer 20

1. First-pass metabolism is bypassed
2. Bioavailability is higher
3. Rapid absorption due to good blood supply to the area of absorption, especially if drug is lipid soluble
4. pH in mouth is relatively neutral so drug is more stable

Question 21

What are the disadvantages of buccal and sublingual routes?

Answer 21

1. Holding the dose in the mouth is inconvenient
2. If any part of the dose is swallowed that portion is subject to first pass metabolism
3. More suitable for drugs with small doses
4. Drug taste may need to be masked

Question 22

What are rectal route drugs?

Answer 22

Drugs given in the rectum usually suppositories or enemas

Question 23

What are advantages of rectal route drugs?

Answer 23

1. Reduced first pass effect bypasses the metabolism in the liver
2. Useful for patients unable to take drugs orally or with younger children

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of rectal route drugs?

Answer 24

1. Erratic absorption
2. Not well accepted

Question 25

What are erratic absorption?

Answer 25

Absorption for suppositories is often incomplete and erratic Enemas may be more reliable

Question 26

What is parenteral?

Answer 26

Not through the alimentary canal and commonly refers to injections

Question 27

What are example routes of parenteral?

Answer 27

1. IV 2. IM 3. SC 4. ID

Question 28

What are the types of intravenous routes?

Answer 28

1. Rapid (IV bolus) iv injection 2. Slow longer iv infusion

Question 29

What are the advantages of IV routes?

Answer 29

1. Rapid onset 2. Plasma concentration can be precisely controlled using IV infusion administration 3. Total dose is delivered: 100% bioavailability 4. Larger doses or poorly soluble drugs may be given by IV infusion in a larger volume over an extended time period

Question 30

What are the disadvantages of IV routes?

Answer 30

1. May cause tissue damage at the site of injection 2. Maybe toxic: due to rapid response 3. Requires trained personnel 4. Expensive

Question 31

Why is IV drugs expensive?

Answer 31

1. Sterilization 2. Pyrogen testing 3. Larger volume of solvent means greater cost for prep 4. Transport 5. Storage

Question 32

What are the advantages of intramuscular routes?

Answer 32

1. Larger volumes than SC 2. Easier to administer than IV 3. A depot or sustained release effect is possible with IM injections such as procain and penicillin

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of IM?

Answer 33

1. Trained personnel required to administer 2. Absorption can be rapid from aqueous solution 3. Absorption is sometimes erratic for poorly soluble drugs 4. Irritating drug may be painful

Question 34

What is subcutaneous routes?

Answer 34

1. Injecting the interstitial tissue beneath the dermis 2. Upper arm, thigh, lower abdomen or upper part of the back

Question 35

How does SC differ from IM?

Answer 35

1. Blood supply is less than muscular 2. Absorption is slower

Question 36

How does SC differ from oral routes?

Answer 36

More rapid

Question 37

What is intradermal routes?

Answer 37

1. Injection into the dermis 2. Mainly for diagnostic agents, vaccines, or desensitization 3. A little faster than SC

Question 38

What is topical?

Answer 38

Applying a drug mainly at the site of desired action intended for local actions

Question 39

What are examples of topical routes?

Answer 39

1. Dermatologic 2. Inhalation 3. Ophthalmics 4. Otic 5. Transdermal patches

Question 40

What topical drugs are used for local action?

Answer 40

1. Ear drops 2. Eye drops or ointments 3. Antiseptic creams or ointments 4. Sunscreen

Question 41

What topical drugs are used for systemic actions?

Answer 41

1. Transdermal 2. Inhalation

Question 42

What are the functions of transdermal drugs?

Answer 42

1. Slow absorption 2. Cuts through abrasions or thin skin sites and absorption can be relatively fast 3. Transdermal patches that can provide prolonged or controlled drug delivery (nicotine patches)

Question 43

What is an inhalation drug that has a local effect?

Answer 43

Bronchodilators

Question 44

What is an inhalation drug that has a systemic effect?

Answer 44

General anesthesia

Question 45

What is the function of inhalation drugs?

Answer 45

1. Used for local effect 2. Used for systemic effect 3. Rapid absorption bypassing the liver 4. Some doses are swallowed and undergo first-pass metabolism