T3: Cardiovascular System (& Blood)

Question 1

2 types of circuits

Answer 1

pulmonary and systemic

Question 2

what is the base of the heart called

Answer 2

apex

Question 3

what wraps around the heart

Answer 3

pericardium

Question 4

what are the two layers of the pericardium

Answer 4

parietal (Irreg CT) and visceral

Question 5

where does left and right ventricle pump

Answer 5

R= pulmonary
L= body

Question 6

where does left and right atrium recive blood

Answer 6

R= body
L= lungs

Question 7

circulatory cycle

Answer 7

right atrium receives from vena cava >right AV valve> right ventricle > semi lunar valve> pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left AV valve > left ventricle >semi lunar > aorta

Question 8

3 sulcus on heart

Answer 8

coronary - (atria ventricular wall)
anterior inter ventricular (left right ventricle)
posterior inter ventricular

Question 9

what does the aorta break into

Answer 9

brachiocephalic trunk 
r common carotid
r subclavian 
l common carotid
l subclavian

Question 10

what arterially supplies the heart

Answer 10

right and left coronary arterty

Question 11

what venously drains the heart

Answer 11

coronary sinus

Question 12

why is ventricle wall thicker

Answer 12

higher pressure

Question 13

why is left ventricular wall thicker

Answer 13

supplies whole body

Question 14

what is trabecular caraea

Answer 14

ridges of internal wall= prevent sticking together when contracting

Question 15

name the two septum

Answer 15

interatrial

interventricular

Question 16

describe 3 layers of heart wall

Answer 16

endocardium= simple squam
myocardium= cardiac muscle 
epicardium= (visceral pericardium) simple squam

Question 17

describe 3 layers of blood vessel wall

Answer 17

tunica intimata- epithelium loose ct
tunica media- smooth muscle, collagen, elastin
tunica adventitat= loose ct

Question 18

does capillaries have elastin or msucle

Answer 18

none

Question 19

what do valves do in viens

Answer 19

unidirectional flow

Question 20

conduction pathway of heart

Answer 20

senatorial node > AV node > AV bundle > purkinje fibres

Question 21

what is diastole and systole

Answer 21

d= relax

sy=contract

Question 22

4 steps of cardiac cycle

Answer 22

ventric filling (during vent diastole)
isovolumetric contraction (beginning vebtric systole)
ventricular ejection (during vent sy)
isovolumetric relaxation (beg ventricular diastole)

Question 23

explain ventricular filling (during vent diastole)

Answer 23

• vent + atrial diastole
• atrial pressure higher + ventricular suction = blood flows past AV into ventricles
• atria systoel= atrial blood > ventricles

Question 24

explain isovolumetric contraction

Answer 24

ventricles start systole
BP in vent increase (// before back flow AV close)
semi lunar= close

Question 25

explain ventricular ejection

Answer 25

vent pressure higher than aorta > blood past semilunar

Question 26

explain isovolumetric relaxation

Answer 26

ventric pressure falls (// prevent back semi close)

Question 27

3 stages of ecg

Answer 27

p wave > PQ segment qrs complex ST segment > t wave

Question 28

what occurs at P wave

Answer 28

SA node fires atria depolarise atrial systole begins

Question 29

what occurs at QRS complex

Answer 29

isovolumetric contraction

Question 30

cardiac output formula

Answer 30

co= sv x hr

Question 31

define cardiac reserve

Answer 31

diff b/w max and resting cardiac output

Question 32

how to change COutput

Answer 32

change hr, change sv (inversely prop)

Question 33

3 ANS effects on heart

Answer 33

sypm > noradrenaline > Ca inflow > contraction = HR increase para > acetylcholine > outlflow Ca > hyperpolarzise = decrease hr cardiac centres in medulla

Question 34

frank starling law

Answer 34

stroke volume proportional to end diastolic volume

Question 35

expertise effect on CO

Answer 35

proprioceptors single cardiac centre > sympathetic increase venous return > increase preload > increase SV

Question 36

Process of producing blood cells

Answer 36

haematopeosis

Question 37

3 functions of blood

Answer 37

transport protection regulation

Question 38

characteristics of RBC

Answer 38

increase SA/vol ration + haemoglobin anaerobic fermentation

Question 39

lifespan of erythrocyte

Answer 39

1. stem cell= erythrocyte lineage (ECFU) 2. ECFU express receptors for hormone > erythroblasts 3. multiple, haemoglobin 4. nuclear extraction 5. leave bone marrow