T4: Respiratory System

Question 1

what are the 4 requirements for respirations

Answer 1

thin membrane (minimise distance)
moist surface (speed)
large SA (speed)
blood supply (speed)

Question 2

why do respiratory and digestive share common pathway (pharynx)

Answer 2

week 4= bud forms off foregut

• bud= trachea
• behind bud= pharynx

Question 3

by what week is the embryological lungs anatomically correct

Answer 3

8 weeks

Question 4

what are the two structural regions of the system

Answer 4

upper tract= respiratory organs of head and neck

lower tract= respiratory organs in thorax

Question 5

what are the two functional zones of the system

Answer 5

conducting= passage that conducts air
respiratory= gas exchange regions

Question 6

3 nasal conchae and their function

Answer 6

superior, middle, inferior
increase SA that air passes over (covered in respiratory mucosa= 
1. cleans (hairs + cilia)
2. warms (blood sinusoids)
3. moistens (glands, goblet cells)

Question 7

what does hard and soft palate allow

Answer 7

separates nasal nd oral
allows nasal to develop specialisations
process food while breathing

Question 8

difference in tissue type b/w parts of pharynx

Answer 8

naso= air only // psuedostrat column (goblet, cilia)
oro/laryngo= stratified squamous (abrasion)

Question 9

types of cartilage on larynx/trachae

Answer 9

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid, tracheal

Question 10

two protective mechanism prevent food from entering layrnxy

Answer 10

epliglottis

glottis=

Question 11

function of trachea rings

Answer 11

prevent collapse during inhaliation

Question 12

function for tracheal muscle

Answer 12

allows expansion of oesophagus

Question 13

lobes of L R lungs

Answer 13

L=2

R=3

Question 14

Main bronchi to alveoli pathway

Answer 14

main/segmented bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > aleovlie

Question 15

tissue type of main bronchi > bronchiole

Answer 15

cil psueod column

• cart
• smooth muscle

Question 16

tissue type of terminal bornchioles

Answer 16

simple cuboidal- no cartilage

Question 17

tissue type of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 17

simple squamous

- little muscle

Question 18

tissue type alveoli duct > alveoli

Answer 18

simple squam

- no smooth muscle

Question 19

what segment are the no more mucus glands/goblet cells

Answer 19

terminal bronchi

Question 20

function + parts of mucociliary escalator

Answer 20

ciliated pseudo columnar + goblet cells = remove debris

• goblet cells= mucus= traps particles
• cilia= beat upwards towards phayrnx

Question 21

where do lungs receive blood from )2 part)

Answer 21

pulmonary arteries - body physiology 
bronchial arteries (lung physiology

Question 22

two types of alveolus cells

Answer 22

squamous (gas exchange)
great alveolar (surfactant)

Question 23

what does surfactant do

Answer 23

prevent walls of alvar collapsing

Question 24

why are macrophages in alveolar

Answer 24

no mucosa escalator

Question 25

function of pluera

Answer 25

compartmentalisation, reduce friction, create pressure gradient

Question 26

what is tidal breathing

Answer 26

tidal= quiet

Question 27

2 types of forced breathing

Answer 27

inspiratory reserve | expiratory reserve

Question 28

what is residual volume

Answer 28

amount allows in lungs | surrounded by plauera membrane attached to chest wall // alway have volume

Question 29

formula for vital capacity

Answer 29

tidal + inspitaryt res + expired reserve

Question 30

boyles law

Answer 30

pressure inversely prop to volume

Question 31

function of pleural fluid

Answer 31

prevents friction | lungs stick to chest // when chest moves so do lungs

Question 32

nerve effecting diaphragm + inter movement

Answer 32

phrenic

Question 33

accessory muscles during forced inspo and expo

Answer 33

``` inspo= arch back + elevate ribs (incr thoracic volume) expo= push admoninal muscle superior= reduce volume ```

Question 34

charles law

Answer 34

volume= prop to temp

Question 35

neural control of respiratory system

Answer 35

ANS | - broncho dilation/constriction

Question 36

neural control of breathing

Answer 36

1. 3 respiratory centres in brainstem | 2. voluntary

Question 37

3 respiratory centres

Answer 37

Ventral respir group dorsal respir group pontine respir group

Question 38

what does VRG do

Answer 38

I neutrons and E neutrons alternate I neutrons = dia contract E neurons= inhibit I = relaxation

Question 39

what does DRG do

Answer 39

affect speed + depth | - receive input

Question 40

what does PRG do

Answer 40

speed + depth | - receive input higher brain functions

Question 41

3 places respiratory centres receive info from

Answer 41

1. peripheral (carotid + aortic) = gloss + vagus nerve > DRG 2. Iritant + stretch = vagus > DRS 3. central chemo = pH changes in CSP

Question 42

CO2 > Carbonic acid formula

Answer 42

co2 + h2o= h2co3 = hco3 + h

Question 43

what centre does voluntary control of breathing skip

Answer 43

brainstem | = motor cortex > corticospinal tract

Question 44

what allows alveolar gas exchange

Answer 44

membrane thickness membrane SA pressure grad

Question 45

henrys law

Answer 45

amount of gas diisvoled in water= partial air pressure + solubility

Question 46

even tho O2 has more pressure gradient to enter lungs, what makes CO2 move out at same rate

Answer 46

Co2 more soluble // evens out higher pressure grad of oxygen

Question 47

what does ventilation perfusion coupling do

Answer 47

stimulated local vasoconstriction

Question 48

role of muscle types in respiratory system

Answer 48

``` smooth= airway diameter skeletal= ventilation cardiac= deoxy blood to lungs ```