T3. Population Change Flashcards
What are the variables for natural population changes?
- birth rate = number of live births per 1,000, death rate = number of deaths per 1,000
- Migration change = difference between total emigrants and immigrants
- Infant mortality rate = number of babies that die before 1st birthday
- Fertility rate = average number of children born per women
- Replacement rate = number of women to children ratio is the same to maintain population
What are the cultural controls that impact on populations?
Religion = roman Catholicism + Islam forbid contraception + abortion but in catholic countries fertility rates are low
- Gender = some societies prefer male children e.g. 1960s China high infanticide, women can be discriminated against + don’t receive education and hold more domestic roles increasing birth rate
- Child marriage = in least developed areas e.g. sub-Saharan Africa 40% of girls are married by 18 and the minimum age of marriage with parental consent is 15
Describe the key population models and their implications on societies?
- Demographic transition model = 5 stages, 1 being least developed, 1 = high birth rate but also high death rate, 2 = high birth rate, dropping death rate, 3 gradual drop-in birth rates = rise in population, 4 + 5 low birth and death rates
- DTM linked to contrasting physical + human settings:
-Physical setting = Niger = sub-tropical climate with Sahara in NE + south near river basin, Canada = arctic temp, W is mountainous + N polar- Human setting = Niger = sparsely populated, 2 on DTM, subsistence farming, Canada = 98% of population live in cities, economy is tertiary + financial
- Population Pyramids = 0-14 are young dependants, 15-64 = economically active, 65+ = older dependent, UK has a 57% dependency ratio
- Demographic dividend = low dependency rate and positive ratio – causes a boost in economic productivity due to larger number workforce
describe the key concept of international migration ?
Lee’s push pull theory = idea that there are factors that cause people to both leave and enter places (push and pull), but there are also intervening obstacles that act as barriers to travel e.g. the English Channel + the wall (Trump) causing step migration
Explain the push and pull factors?
Push = war, crop failure (1845 potato famine), religion (1947 partition of British India separated into India + Pakistan), natural disasters
- Pull factors = healthcare (NHS), economic opportunities = 2004 8 eastern European countries joined EU.
implications from migration?
- On home nation = loss of working population, reduced pressure on healthcare, brain drain, decline in services and reliance on remittances, pro-natal policies
- Host country = increase in working age population (demographic dividend), pressure on healthcare, tension + racial attacks + right wing growth.
