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Biology > T3: Voice Of The Genome > Flashcards

T3: Voice Of The Genome Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Name 2 types of organism

A

Eukaryote/prokaryote

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2
Q

Give 4 examples of eukaryotes

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protocists

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3
Q

Describe characteristics of eukaryotes (4)

A

Contain membrane bound organelles
Normally larger than prokaryotes
Usually multicellular
Compartmentalisation

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4
Q

Name 10 organelles of a eukaryote cell

A

Right endoplasmic reticulu,
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Cell memebrane
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus

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5
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Double membrane layer
Embedded ribosomes
Protein synthesis/translation

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6
Q

Centrioles

A

2 hollow microtubule cylinders
Help organise spindle fibres

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7
Q

Lysosomes

A

Single membrane bound vesicle
Digestive enzyme

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of flattened vesicles
Modifies proteins (adds sugars)

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9
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

No membranes

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Own circular chromosome
Double membrane
Inner membrane folded into cristae, higher SA

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

No membrane
Active rRNA transcription area

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13
Q

Nucelus

A

Contains DNA
Double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Pores, RNA —> cytoplasm

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14
Q

Eukaryote cell radius

A

10 micrometers

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15
Q

Prokaryote example

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Prokaryote characteristics

A

Don’t have membrane bound organelles
Normally smaller than prokaryote
Unicellular

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17
Q

Name 10 prokaryote organelles and whether they are always or sometimes present

A

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Circular DNA chromosome
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Mesosome

Slime capsule
Plasmids
Flagella
Pili

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18
Q

Mesosome

A

Increase respiration SA

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19
Q

Pili

A

Attachment
Conjugation
- asexual report ion via binary fusion
- sexual reproduction via conjugation

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20
Q

Protein trafficking process

A

DNA -> RNA (transcription)
mRNA nucleus —> nuclear envelope –> ribosome
Ribosome makes protein (translation)
Protein —> rER —> tertiary structure
Vesicles pinched off rER (contains protein)
Vesicles —> flattened Golgi app sacs
Proteins modified in Golgi app
Vesicles pinched of Golgi app (contains modified protein)
Vesicles fuse to cell surface
Release protein (eg. Extracellular enzymes)

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21
Q

Egg cell features

A

Cortical granules
Lipid droplets (energy store)
Zona pellucida (jelly coating)
Haploid nucleus
Follicle cells (help ovum develop)
Lysosomes (vesicles, digestive enzymes)

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22
Q

Egg cell diameter

A

100 ym

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23
Q

Sperm cell head length

A

5 ym

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24
Q

Sperm cell features

A

Haploid nucelus
Acrosome (digestive enzymes)
Flagella
Mitochondrion

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25
Fertalisation generally
Gamete fusion 2X haploid —> diploid zygote
26
Meiosis characteristics
2 round cell div Makes 4 genetically non-identical gametes 2 ways of genetic variation - independent assortment (only div round 1) - crossing over
27
Independent assortment
Homologous chromosomes (bivalents) associate Paternal/maternal Random orientation No. Chronometer combinations = 2*haploid number
28
Crossing over
Chiasm Prophase 1 New allele combinations
29
Di-hybri inheritance
2 genes 4x4 pundit square
30
Back cross technique
Cross unknown with double homozygous recessive Reveals genotype Ratio of offspring assumes independent assortment
31
Why are all gametes usually equally likely
Independent assortment
32
What can be assumed if gamete ratio is significantly different than expected
Genes are linked Genes have loci on same chromosome
33
Loci
Position of gene on chromosome
34
Linkage group
All genes on one chromosome
35
How can you break linkage between genes and what varies this likelihood
Crossover Crossover less likely, closer genes are together
36
Sex linkage
Locus of gene on same sex chromosome Most sex linked genes on X chromosome, longer than Y, more likely
37
Hemizygous
One copy of an allele
38
Stem cells
Undifferentiated Capacity to keep dividing
39
Hayflick limit
Theoretical no. Times cell can divide
40
Name 3 types of stem cell
Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent
41
Totipotent
Cell can give rise to all cell types
42
Pluripotent
Cell can give rise to many cell types
43
Multipotent
Cell can give rise to some cell types
44
Example use of stem cells
Leukaemia Bone marrow transplant Matched donor
45
Embryonic pluripotent stem cells vs adult multipotent range of possible cells
High, low
46
Embryonic pluripotent stem cells vs adult multipotent requirement to match
Yes, no
47
Embryonic pluripotent stem cells vs adult multipotent ethical concerns
High, low
48
What do all cells except red blood cells contain
Whole genome
49
Experiment to show un/differentiated cells
mRNA: cDNA hybrid molecules, represent genes on both cDNA single stranded molecules, represent genes only switched on in differentiated cells mRNA single stranded molecules, represent genes switched on only in undifferentiated cells
50
Un/differentiated cells experiment process
Undiff cells frogspawn mRNA extracted Diff cells mRNA extracted, cDNA made using reverse transcriptase mRNA digested cDNA and mRNA combined Any mRNA also in diff cells will combine with cDNA —> double strand Free cDNA is from mRNA only in diff cells
51
2 stages of the cell cycle
Interphase Mitotic stage
52
What happens during interphase
Energy store increase Cell grows in size Organelles replicated DNA copied
53
What happens during mitotic stage
Nuclear division (mitosis) Cell division (cytokinesis)
54
Appearance during interphase
Cant see chromosomes
55
Name of centre of homologous chromosomes
Centromere
56
Stages of mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
57
Cytokinesis
Central cell membrane pulle dinwards Groove made Membranes fuse to form 2 cells
58
Ways in which plant cell division differs from animal (3)
Centrioles not involved in spindle fibres, no centrioles in cell Membrane cant furrow inwards, Golgi apparatus makes vesicles down middle, form membrane Cellulose cell wall forms down centre
59
Prophase
Chromosomes visible Nuceleolus dissapeas Spindle fibres join centromeres to centrioles Nuclear membrane breaks down
60
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along equator Spindle fibres attach
61
Anaphase
Spindle fibres shorten Pull chromatids towards opposite poles
62
Telophase
Spindle fibres dissapear Nuclear membranes reform around 2 separate chromosome groups
63
Acrosome reaction
Vesicles fuse with sperm membrane Digestive enzymes released Zona pellucida broken down
64
Cortical reaction
Cortical granules fuse with ovum membrane Enzymes released Zona pellucida hardens so no mor sperm can enter
65
Mitotic index
No. Cells in mitosis / total no. Cells x100
66
Define a cell and give an example (3)
Smallest unit capable of independent life Bound by a membrane Contains organelles Eg. Red blood cell
67
Define a tissue and give an example (5)
Group of similar cells Express similar genes Same function Cells have memebrane adhesion proteins Some have cells AND Extracellular matrix Eg. Muscle tissue
68
Define a organ and give an example (2)
Group of interconnected tissues Work together to complete functions Eg. Liver
69
Define an organ system and give an example
Group of organs Work together in coordination Eg. Circulatory system
70
What is the Jacob-Monod hypothesis
Genes will be switched on in response to environmental stimulae
71
Lac Operon
B-galactosidase enzyme, lactose —> glucose Only produced in presence of lactose Absent Repressor molecule —> DNA Prevent B-galactose gene RNA polymerase cant bind/transcribe Present Repressor molecule prevented from binding Binds to lactose Translation of gene Enzyme made
72
Discontinuous variation
Characteristics shows one of few discrete possibilities Eg. Eye colour
73
Continuous variation
Characteristic shows wide range of possibilities Controlled by many genes Mixture of genetic and environmental Eg. Height
74
Transcription factors
Important in gene expression Typically control short term gene activation
75
Epigenetic changes
Modify chromosome but not DNA base sequence
76
DNA methylation
Addition of methyl; group to cytosine in CpG position, DNA tightly coiled ad inaccessible, turns off epigenetic change
77
Histone modification
Addition of acetyl group to histone protein DNA inaccessible Turns on epigenetic change
78
What 2 processes turn epigenetic changes on and off
DNA methylation: off Histone modification: on

Biology (8 decks)

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