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Biology > T7: Run For Your Life > Flashcards

T7: Run For Your Life Flashcards

1
Q

Bones function

A

Allow movement
Levers
Rigid, lightweight, long

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2
Q

Ligament function

A

Connect bones
Elastic

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3
Q

Tendon function

A

Connect muscle and bone
Inelastic

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4
Q

Cartilage function

A

End of bones/joints
Smooth, reduce friction
Spongy, cushion impact
Synovial fluid

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5
Q

Muscle function

A

Antagonistic pairs
Flexor closes joint
Extensor opens joint

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6
Q

Name two types of muscle fibre

A

Type I - slow twitch
Type II - fast twitch

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7
Q

Type I / slow twitch muscle fibre

A

Stamina
Aerobic
Lots of blood vessels
Lots of NRG
More mitochondria
More myoglobin

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8
Q

Type II / fast twitchy

A

Rapid
Anaerobic
Fewer blood vessels
Little NRG
Less mitochondria
Less myoglobin

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9
Q

Describe the muscle cell structure

A

Myofibrils
Sarcolemma (muscle coating)
Nuclei
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Describe a Sarcomere repeating unit

A

Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin)
Many make up a myofibril
M line connects thick filaments
A line connects Sarcomere units
H zone between thin filaments

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11
Q

Sliding filament theory stages

A

Nerve impulses, neurone —> muscle fibre
Sarcoplasmic reticulum release Ca2+
Binds to troponin
Tropomyosin moves
Reveals myosin binding sites on thick filaments
Thin filament actin bind to myosin-ADP-Pi
Pi released, myosin-ADP changes shape, pulls on actin
ADP released, myosin remains bound to actin
ATP binds to myosin, releases actin
ATP hydrolysed
Myosin-ADP-Pi returns to original position
Repeat process until impulse/Ca2+ stops

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12
Q

Name 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Kerb cycle
Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm
Input (glucose 6C, 2NAD, 2ATP, 2ADP)
Output (2 pyruvate 3C, 2 reduced NAD, 4 ATP)

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14
Q

Link reaction

A

Mitochondria
Input (pyruvate 3C, Co-A, NAD)
Output (acetyl CoA, reduced NAD, CO2)
Cycle happens twice

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15
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Mitochondria matrix
Input (Acetyl CoA, 3 NAD, 1FAD, 1 ADP)
Output (CoA, 2CO2, 3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD, 1 ATP)

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16
Q

Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria inner membrane
Input (reduced NAD, reduced FAD, O2, ADP+Pi)
Output (H2O, NAD, FAD, ATP)
Reduced NAD is oxidised/loses e-s
H+ —> outer membrane
H+ impermeable inner membrane, proton gradient
H+ back in via ATP synthase, Chemiosmosis, releases ADP+Pi! make ATP
Electron transport chain, reduces O2/gains e-s, makes H2O

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17
Q

Compare reduced NAD and FAD

A

NAD better for ATP synthesis as it makes 3 molecules whereas FAD only makes 2

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18
Q

Anaeorbic respiration

A

Limited/no oxygen
NAD can’t give e- to electron transport chain/O2
ETC/Kreb cycle/Link reaction stop
Pyruvate + reduced NAD —> lactate + 2 NAD (reversible reaction)
No ATP itself (glycolysis incomplete)
Pyruvate —> link reaction/glucose/lipids

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19
Q

Lactic acid

A

Toxic
High conc, low pH
Metabolise lactate, not wasted
Neutralise oxygen debt (NAD amount needed to remove lactate)

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20
Q

Ventilation in exercise vs rest

A

Rest: passive exhale
Exercise: active exhale

21
Q

Inhalation mechanism

A

Diaphragm contracts/flattens
External intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move up and out
Increase thorax volume
Lower pressure
Air moves in

22
Q

Exhalation mechanism

A

Diaphragm relaxes/moves up
Intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Decrease thorax volume
Higher pressure
Air moves out

23
Q

Cardiac output

A

Cardiac output (dm3/min) = stroke volume (dm3/ml) x heart rate (bpm)
Stroke volume
Rest = 60-70
Exercise = 90-110
Heart rate
Rest = 60-80
Exercise = up to 200

24
Q

Oxygen consumption

A

Dm3/min
Dm3/min/Kg

25
Breathing rate
Rest = 12-20bpm Exercise = 40-50bpm
26
Tidal volume
Rest = 0.5dm3 Exercise = 2.5dm3
27
Respiratory minute ventilation
Minute ventilation rate = tidal vol x breathing rate Rest = 6-10dm3/min Exercise = 100-125 dm3/min
28
Spirometer trace
Y = spirometer volume (dm3) X = time (s-1) Vertical distance between peak and trough = tidal volume Vertical distance between two peaks/troughs =vol O2 absorbed
29
Cardiac muscle structure
Myogenic: contracts without nerve impulse Striated Same as general muscle fibre Multi uncleated Intercalated disc
30
Cardiac muscle coordination process
Impulse —> sinoatrial node (SAN) Atrial wall contraction (systole) Impulse —> atrioventricular node (AVN) Heart wall layer is non conducting Impulses —> purkyne fibres —> apex —> ventricle wall Blood squeezed into arteries (systole)
31
ECG
Electrocardiogran P wave = atria contract QRS complex = ventricles contract T wave = vent rules relax
32
Heart rate receptors
Chemoreceptors (CO2 conc/pH) Thermoreceptors (blood temp/respiration rate) Mechanoreceptors (artery wall stretch)
33
CNS
Cardiovascular control centre in medulla oblongata 2 nerves connected to SAN Sympathetic nerve sends impulse (increase heart rate/noradrenaline neurotransmitter) Parasympathetic vegus nerve sends impulse (decrease heart rate/acetylcholine neurotransmitter)
34
Adrenaline effect on heart rate
Increases Increase contraction strength Fight/flight
35
Homeostasis
Maintaining internal body conditions in a dynamic equilibrium
36
Name 4 homeostatic systems
Water potential of blood Core body temperature Blood glucose concentration Blood pH
37
Describe the homeostatic process that occurs when your core body temperature DECREASES
Low temp environment/activity Thermoreceptors detect Impulse to heat GAIN centre in hypothalamus Decrease sweat vasoconstriction and shivering Less heat loss via evaporation and radiation
38
Describe the homeostatic process that occurs when your core body temperature INCREASES
High temp exercise/environment Thermoreceptors detect Impulse to heat LOSS centre of hypothalamus Increase sweat production and vasodilation More heat loss via evaporation and radiation
39
Negative feedback loop
Homeostatic mechanism for dynamic equilibrium Change detected by sensory receptors Hormones/impulses released Effector response returns to normal
40
Positive feedback loop
Change detected by sensory receptors Hormones/impulses released Effector response increases change
41
Too little training effects
Input > output Excess stored as fat Obesity/high bp/CVD/diabetes Increased risk of poor mental health
42
Too much training effects
Correlation to immune system supression Natural killer cells reduced Inflammatory response reduces circulated phagocytes Joint damage Cartilage/ligaments
43
Name and describe 3 drugs used in sport
Anabolic steroid - Increase muscle mass/recovery/training intensity EPO - More red blood cell production Beta blockers - Control heart rate
44
Describe 2 arguments about drug use in sport
Fair as everyone is doing it, bodily autonomy Fair if everyone competes clean, drug misuse risk
45
Keyhole surgery
Less invasive Faster recovery East infection risk Don’t always need anaesthetic
46
Prosthetics
Limbs/joints Normal mobility Sport participation
47
Hormones definition
Chemical messengers desired by endocrine glands into the blood plasma and responded to by target cells
48
Name 3 types of hormone
Proteins Tyrosine derivatives Steroids
49
Steroid hormones
Lipid based Can cross phopholipid bilayer Bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm Hormone + receptor complex act as transcription factors Transcription initiation complex

Biology (8 decks)

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