T6: On The Wild Side

Question 1

Systematic sampling (4)

Answer 1

Transect
Equal increments (continuous/interrupted)
Environmental gradient
Under represent species not on transect

Question 2

Continuous vs interrupted systematic transects

Answer 2

Continuous, accurate, time consuming
Interrupted, faster, Miss some organisms

Question 3

Quadrat factors (4)

Answer 3

Size of quadrat
No. Repeats
Not/random
Frame/point

Question 4

Density

Answer 4

Individuals/square unit

Question 5

Abundance

Answer 5

Individuals/given area

Question 6

Frequency

Answer 6

Proportion of species found

Question 7

Random sampling (6)

Answer 7

Random coordinates
No. Species in quadrat
Repeat
Not biased
Unequal coverage
Misrepresent species

Question 8

Opportunistic sampling (3)

Answer 8

Prior knowledge/data
Quicker
Biased

Question 9

Stratified sampling

Answer 9

Divide area
Sample all
Less species missed
Over representation

Question 10

Observation sampling

Answer 10

Dropping/footprints/burrows
DNA sampling
Hard to collect

Question 11

Succession

Answer 11

Organisms create habitat that changes over time

Question 12

Change over time factors (5)

Answer 12

Climate change
Adaptation
Abundance
Destruction
Competition

Question 13

What is deflected succession and how does it work

Answer 13

Stable community
Human activity prevents succession
Provide food/habitat
Protected rare/endangered species
Grazing, burning, mowing, dredging

Question 14

Primary succession stages (8)

Answer 14

Pioneer species initially colonises an area
Break ground with roots
Gather organic mass and water
New plants can germinate
Increase biodiversity
Stable climax community develops
Dominant species outcompete
Decreased biodiversity

Question 15

Pioneer species

Answer 15

Species that can survive in conditions where most others would die

Question 16

Secondary succession (5)

Answer 16

Disruptive event (fire/hurricane/flooding)
Soil with nutrients
Seeds can germinate due to water retention in soil
Stages of succession
Stable climax community is formed

Question 17

Biomass

Answer 17

Molecules containing glucose from photosynthesis
Eg. Starch, cellulose, proteins, fats
Food for all organisms

Question 18

NPP equation

Answer 18

NPP = GPP - R
NPP - rate of transfer of organic molecules made from NRG
GPP - rate of production of organic molecules from NRG
R - NRG used in respiratory/metabolic processes of the organism

Question 19

Why is not all energy transferred between trophic levels (5)

Answer 19

Not all organism eaten
Not all organisms digested/absorbed
NRG used in respiratory processes
NRG lost to surroundings
NRG transmitted/reflected by producers

Question 20

Name and describe the 2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 20

Light dependent reaction (water split, ATP/reduced NADP made), thylakoid membrane
Light independent reaction (ATP NRG/ NADP reducing power make glucose), stroma

Question 21

ATP

Answer 21

Adenine triphosphate
Provides NRG for chemical reactions
Phosphate removed from ATP —> ADP + Pi
Pi hydrated
Exothermic, releases energy

Question 22

Photophosphorylation

Answer 22

Regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 23

Light dependent reaction stages (7)

Answer 23

Pair of Es from chlorophyll excited by light energy
Travel along electron transport chain
Photolysis (O2 waste product)
H+ fills holes left by Es
Es phosphophorylate
Es are rexcited in a new chlorophyll molecule
Reduce NADP in electron transport chain

Question 24

PSII vs PSI

Answer 24

PSII - 168nm>, photophosphorylation and photolysis
PSI - 168nm<, reduction of NADP

Question 25

Uses for glucose (6)

Answer 25

Respiration - NRG Starch - storage Lipids - waterproofing/storage Cellulose - cell wall Nucleic acid - DNA (+phosphates+nitrates from soil) Amino acids - proteins (+sulfur+nitrates from soil)

Question 26

Calvin cycle stages (3)

Answer 26

RuBP —> GP (RuBISCO) GP —> GALP (NADP + ATP) GALP —> glucose/RuBP (ATP)

Question 27

Chloroplast features

Answer 27

Thylakoid membrane - interconnected sacs, LDR Starch grains - storage Outer membrane - permeable Inner membrane - selectively permeable Granum - stack of thylakoids Stroma - enzymes for photolysis

Question 28

Evidence for climate change (6)

Answer 28

Dendrochronology Ice cores Pollen peat bogs CO2 levels Temperature levels Rainfall patterns

Question 29

Ice cores

Answer 29

Freeze bubbles Temperature dictates O2 isotope Temperatures shows climate

Question 30

Dendrochronology

Answer 30

Tree rings Xylem layer every year Thickness depends on rainfall/light intensity Thickness indicates age and climate

Question 31

Pollen peat bogs

Answer 31

Acidic/anaerobic prevents decomposition Pollen species have distinct shape Species indicates climate Tough outer shell

Question 32

Anthropogenic climate change

Answer 32

Burn fossil fuels Overpopulation increase CO2 levels Infrared gets trapped in atmosphere Increase global temperature Greenhouse effect

Question 33

Reasons climate models might be wrong

Answer 33

Lack of computing powers Lack of sufficient data Lack of climate function knowledge CO2/ice cores hard to predict

Question 34

Global warming primary effects

Answer 34

Rising temperatures, enzymes denature Changing rainfall Seasonal cycle changes

Question 35

Secondary climate change impacts

Answer 35

Species distribution, migrate to fit niche, invasive species, outcompete natives, decrease biodiversity Development rates, change sex ratios, incompatible mating/hatching/feeding cycles

Question 36

3 solutions to climate change

Answer 36

Biofuels Sustainable NRG sources Reforestation

Question 37

Carbon cycle

Answer 37

Plants — animals — organic matter — decomposers — fossil fuels — atmosphere —

Question 38

Transduction

Answer 38

Conversion of energy store

Question 39

Detrivores

Answer 39

Organisms that feed off waste matter

Question 40

Heterotrophs

Answer 40

Organisms that feed off consumption of other organisms

Question 41

Autotrophs

Answer 41

Organisms that feed by producing their own food

Question 42

2 types of speciation

Answer 42

Allopatric Sympatric

Question 43

Allopatric speciation

Answer 43

Geographical isolation/physical barrier

Question 44

Sympatric isolation

Answer 44

Habitat isolation - different habitats in same area Seasonal isolation - different active reproduction times Mechanical isolation - reproductive organs don’t fit Behavioural isolation - populations don’t respond to each other’s reproductive displays Gametic isolation - incompatible male and female gametes

Question 45

NADP

Answer 45

Coenzyme Enables electron transfer Reduced using H+/electrons

Question 46

Saprotrophs

Answer 46

Organisms that feed off of dead matter