T4: Dealing with internal and external threats

Question 1

who made the Verona Declaration?

Answer 1

Comte de Provence (king Louis XVI’s brother)

Question 2

what was the Verona Declaration?

Answer 2

declaration in which the Comte de Provence declared himself king. outlined aims to restore the ancien regime and restore confiscated land to emigres and refractory priests

Question 3

what prompted the Verona Declaration?

Answer 3

death of Louis XVII

Question 4

when was the Verona Declaration?

Answer 4

24th June 1795

Question 5

what was the impact of the Verona Declaration? why?

Answer 5

Comte de Provence had misjudged mood in France- people did not want ancien regime to be restored.
if anything, Declaration damaged royalist movement

Question 6

why did the Verona Declaration damage the royalist movement?

Answer 6

opponents used the Comte de Provence’s aim of restoring the ancien regime to attack the movement

Question 7

how significant of a threat was the Verona Declaration to the Directory?

Answer 7

not very - if anything, damaged the royalist movement

Question 8

what was the Chouannerie?

Answer 8

a royalist movement led by Jean Chouan. Chouans controlled most of Brittany by Spring 1796

Question 9

by when did the Chouans control most of Brittany?

Answer 9

Spring 1796

Question 10

who led the Chouannerie?

Answer 10

Jean Chouan

Question 11

where did 3000 emigres and British troops land to support the Chouan rebel army?

Answer 11

Quiberon Bay

Question 12

when did 3000 troops land at Quiberon Bay?

Answer 12

28th June 1795

Question 13

how many emigres and British troops landed to support the Chouan rebel army at Quiberon Bay?

Answer 13

3,000

Question 14

what became of the Chouannerie?

Answer 14

defeated by summer 1796 by soldiers led by Lazare Hoche

Question 15

why did unrest in the Vendee re-emerge?

Answer 15

deep-rooted tensions of the region had never been resolved

Question 16

what type of unrest occurred in the Vendee?

Answer 16

National Guard was often attacked by rebel gangs

Question 17

who wanted to make use of the unrest in the Vendee to support an emigre invasion?

Answer 17

the Comte d’Artois (Louis XVI’s brother)

Question 18

what did the Comte d’Artois want to do regarding the Vendee?

Answer 18

make use of the unrest to support another emigre invasion

Question 19

what island did the Comte d’Artois caputure near the Vendee?

Answer 19

Isle of Yeu

Question 20

why did the Comte d’Artois’ plan fail?

Answer 20

neither the British nor the Veandeans came to his aid - he abandoned the plan

Question 21

what was the deeper reason for the failure of the Comte d’Artois’ plan?

Answer 21

only local revolts int he Vendee - no loyalties to emigres or British. religious and economic discontent only.

Question 22

how significant was the threat of the Vendee to the Republic?

Answer 22

minimal - Vendean revolt could never have formed basis for a royalist overthrow - seen in their lack of support for Comte d’Artois

Question 23

why did the emigres repeatedly fail?

Answer 23

poor military organisation

Question 24

when had the War of the First Coalition turned in France’s favour?

Answer 24

by 1795

Question 25

who was placed in charge of the Italian campaign?

Answer 25

1796

Question 26

when was Napoleon's Italian campaign?

Answer 26

1796-97

Question 27

what was the outcome of Napoleon's Italian campaign?

Answer 27

highly successful- established Napoleon's name as a great and general and made him a national hero

Question 28

what was the first instance of Napoleon becoming independent from the Directory?

Answer 28

ignored Directory's instructions and personally negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Campo-Formio

Question 29

what Treaty came about as a result of Austria's defeat after the Italian Campaign?

Answer 29

Treaty of Campo-Formio Oct 1797

Question 30

when was the Treaty of Campo Formio?

Answer 30

Oct 1797

Question 31

why was there little the Directory could do about Napoleons ignoring their orders?

Answer 31

he was a national hero

Question 32

when did there become an opportunity for hostilities to end, what happened?

Answer 32

after Treaty of Campo-Formio Napoleon instead started his Egyptian campaign to try and defeat British

Question 33

did the Directory challenge the starting of Napoleon's Egyptian campaign?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

what effect did dissatisfaction with the war have?

Answer 34

damaged the Directory's reputation

Question 35

what was necessary because of war?

Answer 35

conscription

Question 36

when was a law passed that conscripted all men 20-25 years for 5 years in war and peacetime?

Answer 36

5th Sep 1798

Question 37

what effect did conscription have?

Answer 37

wave of uprisings 1798 + 1799. also passive resistance to conscription

Question 38

example of passive resistance to conscription?

Answer 38

department of Mont-Terrible only conscripted 19% of its target men also cut off thumbs and pulled out teeth so would not be conscripted- shows hostility to the war and to the Directory

Question 39

what did the combination of internal and external threats cause?

Answer 39

people demanded a strong government - some looked to Jacobinism, others started to look to military generals

Question 40

'war breeds....'

Answer 40

war!

Question 41

what does 'war breeds war' mean?

Answer 41

as captured new territories, more soldiers were required to occupy them - expensive! had to capture new territories to pay for this. vicious cycle

Question 42

stat for profits from Revolutionary War?

Answer 42

profits 1792-99 = 360 million francs. BUT only 1/4 of the indemnities made it back to the Directory

Question 43

what fraction of the indemnities from the Revolutionary War made it back to the Directory?

Answer 43

1/4

Question 44

how did war affect the Directory?

Answer 44

great expense to popularity

Question 45

how did the power of army generals increase?

Answer 45

no more elections, officers chosen by officers. growing independence from the Directory.