T4: Exercise and Mobility Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
lightweight, easily moveable devices approximately waist high, made of wood or metal
A
canes
2
Q
Patient keeps crane on their _____ side
A
strong side
3
Q
wooden or metal staff
A
crutches
4
Q
crutch pads should be _____ under axilla with the elbow slightly flexed
A
2-3 fingers
5
Q
safest gait
A
three-point
6
Q
alternately bearing weight on one or both legs and on the crutches
A
crutch gait
7
Q
extremely light, moveable devices, approximately waist high and made of mental tubing
A
walker
8
Q
maximum amount of movement available at a joint in one of the three planes of the body
A
range of motion (ROM)
9
Q
passes through the body from front to back, dividing it into a left and right side
A
sagital plane
10
Q
passes through the body from side to side and divides it into front and back
A
frontal plane
11
Q
horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower portions
A
transvers plane
12
Q
movements of sagittal pane (5)
A
- extension and flexion
- dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
- extension
13
Q
movements of frontal plane (4)
A
- abduction and adduction
- eversion and inversion
14
Q
movements of transverse plane (4)
A
- pronation and supination
- internal and external rotation
15
Q
type of joint: neck
A
pivotal
16
Q
type of joint: shoulder
A
ball and socket
17
Q
type of joint: elbow
A
hinge
18
Q
type of joint: forearm
A
pivotal
19
Q
type of joint: wrist
A
condyloid
20
Q
type of joint: fingers
A
condyloid hinge
21
Q
type of joint: thumb
A
saddle
22
Q
type of joint: hip
A
ball and socket
23
Q
type of joint: knee
A
hinge
24
Q
type of joint: ankle
A
hinge
25
type of joint: foot
gliding
26
type of joint: toes
condyloid
27
you move a part of your body by using your muscles
active range of motion
28
you move a part of your body by using your muscles with slight support
active assisted ROM
29
part of your body can move when someone or something is creating the movement
passive ROM
30
steps of applying antiembolic elastic stockings (4)
f- Turn elastic stocking inside out
- Place patients toes into foot of elastic stocking up the heel
- Slide remaining portion of stocking over patient's foot, making sure that toes are covered
- Slide stocking up over patient's calf until sock is completely extended
31
Most important thing whoever is putting on antiembolic elastic stockings needs to do
make sure there are no wrinkles, needs to be pulled tight and completely smooth
32
instructions for patients who are wearing anti embolic elastic stockings (4)
- do not roll stockings down
- avoid wrinkles
- avoid crossing legs
- elevate legs while sitting
33
use mechanical lifts and lift teams when:
patient is unable to help
34
principles of safe transferring (7)
- wide base
- lower center of gravity
- maintain equilibrium through base of support
- face direction of movement
- divide balanced activity between arms and legs
- use leverage
- reduce friction as much as possible
35
coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system
body mechanics
36
reduces strain on musculoskeletal structures, aids in maintaining adequate muscle tone, promotes comfort, and contributes to balance and conservation of energy
body alignment
37
force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement
friction
38
the greater the __________, the greater the friction
surface area of the object that is being moved
39
force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move
shear
40
fit closely together and are fixed permitting little if any movement
fibrous joint
41
have little movement, but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate bony surfaces
cartilaginous joints
42
freely moveable and the most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex body joint
synovial joints
43
body has a negative feedback response when it detects the increased stretch caused by a load
stretch reflex
44
mobilizing, causing the body to move
isotonic contractions
45
isotonic contractions include _______ & ________ tension
concentric tension and eccentric tension
46
increased muscle contraction causes muscle shortening, resulting in movement
concentric tension
47
causes muscle lengthening to control the speed and direction of movement
eccentric tension
48
stabilizing, causing the body to hold a stable position
isometric contraction
49
muscle that directly performs a specific movement
prime mover
50
muscle that, directly when contracting, opposes prime mover or agonist; relaxes while prime mover contracts
antagonist
51
muscle that contracts at same time as prime mover; Facilitates prime mover actions to produce more effective movement
synergists
52
muscles that stabilize joints, act as type of synergist; serves to maintain posture and balance
fixator
53
muscle sense that makes us aware of the position of the body and its parts, including body movement, orientation in space, and muscle stretch
proprioception
54
prevents external rotation of the hip s when a patient is in a supine position
trochanter roll
55
how to create trochanter roll
- Fold cotton bath blanket lengthwise to a width that extends from the greater trochanter of the femur to the lower border of the popliteal space
- Place under the buttocks and roll it counterclockwise until the thigh is in neutral position or inward rotation
56
triangular device that hangs down from a securely fastened overhead bar that is attached to the bedframe; allows a patient to pull with the upper extremities to raise the trunk off of the bed
trapeze bar
57
head of the bed is elevated to 45-60 degrees and the patient's knees are slightly elevated without pressure to restrict circulation in the lower legs
supported fowler position
58
position of rest on their back
supine position
59
position when patient lies face or chest down
prone position
60
patient rest so the side with the major portion of body weight on the dependent hip and shoulder
side-lying position
61
patient lies on a side with the same hip and lower extremity straight and the opposite hip and knee bent
lateral recumbent position
62
recommended for patients at risk for pressure injuries
30 degree lateral position
63
exaggeration of anterior convex curve of lumbar spine
lordosis
64
lordosis cause
congenital condition or temporary condition (pregnancy)
65
increased convexity in curvature of thoracic spine
kyphosis
66
kyphosis cause
congenital condition; rickets, osteoporosis; tuberculosis of spine
67
lateral S- or C- shaped spinal column with vertebral rotation, unequal heights of hips and shoulders
scoliosis
68
cause of scoliosis
sometimes a consequence of numerous congenital idiopathic, and neuromuscular disorders
69
upper extremities flexed at the elbows and held close to the body; lower extremities externally rotated and extended
Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
70
increased tone in extensor muscles and trunk muscles, with active tonic neck reflexes
Decerebrate posture
71
maintenance of an abnormal posture through muscular contractions may last several seconds to weeks; long term, can cause permanent, fixed contractures
dystonia
72
stooped, hyperflexed posture with a narrow-based, short-stepped gait; due to loss of natural postural reflexes
basal ganglion posture
73
decreased muscle tone with little or no resistance during passive muscle movement
hypotonia
74
loss of muscle tone and joint stiffness
muscle atrophy
75
hypotonia ic common with:
cerebellar damage
76
Prolonged bed rest is associated with sensorimotor dysfunction that commonly manifests as:
postural instability and a dysregulated sense of balance
77
Damage to cerebellum causes problems with _____ and motor impairment is directly related to the amount of destruction of the __________
- balance
| - motor strip
78
direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system includes: (5)
Bruises, contusions, tears, sprains, and fractures
79
is one of the most common causes of chronic disability in adults due to pain and altered joint function
osteoarthritis
80
Arthritis is expected to increase _____ by year 2040
44%
81
osteoarthritis typically effects
knees and hips
82
chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease
rheumatoid arthritis
83
pathological reduction in the normal size of muscle fibers after prolonged inactivity resulting from bed rest, trauma, casting or a body part, or local nerve damage
disuse atrophy
84
metabolic changes due to immobility (4)
- Endocrine metabolism
- calcium resorption
- functioning of the gastrointestinal system
- negative nitrogen balance
85
the body excreting more nitrogen that it ingests in proteins
negative nitrogen balance
86
respiratory changes due to immobility (2)
atelectasis and hypostatic pneumonia
87
collapse of alveoli
atelectasis
88
inflammation of the lung from stasis or pooling of secretions
hypostatic pneumonia
89
cardiovascular changes due to immobility (2)
- orthostatic hypotension
| - thrombus
90
drop in systolic pressure by at least 20mmHg or a drop in diastolic pressure by at least 10mmHg within 3 minutes of rising to an upright position
orthostatic hypertension
91
symptoms of orthostatic hypertension (6)
Dizziness, light-headedness, nauseas, tachycardia, pallor, or fainting when changing from the supine to standing position
92
accumulation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, which sometimes occludes the lumen of the vessel
thrombus
93
3 factors that contribute to thrombus is known as
virchow triad
94
virchow triad includes:
- damage to the vessel wall
- alterations of blood flow
- alterations in blood constituents
95
bone tissue is less dense or atrophied
disuse osteoporosis
96
abnormal and possibly permanent condition characterized by fixation of a joint
joint contracture
97
common type of joint contracture
foot drop
98
foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
foot drop
99
musculoskeletal changes due to immobility (2)
- disuse osteoporosis
| - joint contracture
100
urinary elimination changes due to immobility (2)
- urinary stasis
| - renal calculi
101
renal pelvis fills before urine enters the ureters
urinary stasis
102
calcium stones that lodge in the renal pelvis or pass through the ureters
renal calculi
103
integumentary change due to immobility
pressure injury
104
localized damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical device or other device
pressure injury
105
physiological effects of immobility
- social isolation
- loneliness
- depression
106
major musculoskeletal changes expected during assessment of a patient who is immobilized (3)
- decreased muscle strength
- loss of muscle tone and mass
- contractures
