T4: Older adults Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
teaching strategies for those diagnosed with dementia (4)
A
- Provide education and support early to prepare for future events
- Encourage families and caregivers to work together
- Educational programming should be culturally sensitive
- Use technology to reach out to families; Zoom, skype, or facetime
2
Q
teaching strategies for older adults (8)
A
- Ensure the patient is ready to learn; Be alert for cues of pain and fatigue
- Create a comfortable environment
- Adapt teaching materials for culture, language, and health literacy
- Focus on concrete information about the topic and relate to past experiences as appropriate
- Use printed materials with large black font on either cream or white paper
- Use clear, concise language; avoid medical terminology
- Use pictures, demonstrations, videos, and other methods to augment spoken language
- Allow the patient time to process information and ask questions
3
Q
how to evaluate education of older adults
A
teach-back
4
Q
common physiological changes with age assessment
A
SPICE
- sleep disorders
- problems with eating or feeding
- incontinence
- confusion
- evidence of falls
- skin breakdown
5
Q
common changes to integumentary system with age (6)
A
-Loss of skin elasticity with fat loss in extremities
-Pigmentation changes
-Glandular atrophy; Oil, moisture, sweat glands
-Thinning hair/ hair turning gray-white
Men: facial hair decreases
Women: facial hair increases
-Slower nail growth
-Atrophy of epidermal arterioles
6
Q
common changes to respiratory system with age (4)
A
- Decreased cough reflex and ciliary activity
- Increased anterior-posterior chest diameter
- Increased chest wall rigidity
- Few alveoli, increased airway resistance
7
Q
common changes to cardiovascular system with age (8)
A
- Thickening of blood vessel walls
- Narrowing of vessel lumen -Loss of vessel elasticity
- Lower cardiac output
- Decreased number of heart muscle fibers
- Decreased elasticity and calcification of heart valves
- Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
- Decreased efficiency of venous valves
- Increased pulmonary vascular tension
- Increased systolic blood pressure
- Decreased peripheral circulation
8
Q
common changes to gastrointestinal system with age (10)
A
- Periodontal disease
- Decrease in saliva, gastric secretions, and pancreatic enzymes
- Smooth muscle changes with decreased peristalsis and small intestinal motility
- Gastric atrophy
- Decreased production of intrinsic factor
- Increased stomach pH
- Loss of smooth muscle in the stomach
- Hemorrhoids
- Rectal prolapse
- Impaired rectal sensation
9
Q
common changes to musculoskeletal system with aging (5)
A
- Decreased muscle mass and strength
- Decalcification of bones
- Degenerative joint changes
- Dehydration of intervertebral disks
- Fat tissue increases
10
Q
common changes to neurological system with aging (3)
A
- Degeneration of nerve cells
- Decrease in neurotransmitters
- Decrease in rate of conduction of impulses
11
Q
common changes to eye site with aging (6)
A
- Decreased accommodation to near/far vision (presbyopia)
- Difficulty adjusting to changes from light to dark
- Yellowing of the lens
- Altered color perception
- Increased sensitivity to glare
- Smaller pupils
12
Q
common changes to hearing with age (4)
A
- Loss of acuity for high-frequency tones (presbycusis)
- Thickening of tympanic membrane
- Sclerosis of inner ear
- Build up of earwax (cerumen)
13
Q
changes to taste with aging (2)
A
- Often diminished
- Often fewer taste buds
14
Q
changes to smell with aging
A
often diminished
15
Q
changes to touch with aging
A
decreased skin receptors
16
Q
changes to proprioception with aging
A
decreased awareness of body positioning in space
17
Q
changes to genitourinary system with aging (5)
A
- Fewer nephrons
- 50% decrease in renal blood flow by age 80
- Decreased bladder capacity
- Males have enlargement of prostate
- Females have reduction of sphincter tone
18
Q
male reproductive changes in older adults (3)
A
- Sperm count diminished
- Smaller testes
- Erections less firm and slow to develop
19
Q
female reproductive changes in older adults (4)
A
- Decreased estrogen production
- Degeneration of ovaries
- Atrophy of vagina, uterus, and breasts
- Dryness of vaginal mucosa
20
Q
change to general endocrine system of older adults
A
§ Alterations in hormone production with decreased ability to respond to stress
21
Q
change to thyroid of older adults
A
Diminished secretions
22
Q
change to cortisol, glucocorticoids of older adults
A
Increased anti-inflammatory hormone
23
Q
changes to pancreas in older adults (3)
A
- Increased fibrosis
- Decreased secretion of enzymes and hormones
- Decreased sensitivity to insulin
24
Q
changes to immune system of older adults (3)
A
- Thymus decreases in size and volume
- T-cell function decreases
- Core temperature elevation is lowered
25
standard assessment forms for determining a patient's mental status (3)
- mini mental state exam 2 (MMSE-2)
- mini-cog
- clock drawing test
26
three common conditions affecting cognition
- delirium
- dementia
- depression
27
acute confessional state
delirium
28
delirium is characterized by
§ acute change in attention and awareness that develops over a relatively short time interval
29
delirium is associated with additional cognitive deficits such as:
- memory deficit
- disorientation
- perceptual disturbances
30
delirium occurs in ______% of patients
20-70%, very common
31
characterized by agitation, restlessness, emotional lability, and psychotic features such as hallucinations and illusions that often interfere with the delivery of care
hyperactive delirium
32
T/F: It is possible for delirium and dementia to occur at the same time
true
33
generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning
dementia
34
dementia is characterized by
gradual, progressive, and irreversible decline in cerebral function
35
dementia behaviors are expressions of an unmet need, including (4)
hunger
pain
anxiety
void/defication
36
person centered care of person with dementia
- Know the person as an individual
- Recognize and accept the person's reality, don't try to reorient the person
- Support opportunities for meaningful interactions
- Nurture authentic, caring relationships
- Maintain a supportive community for the person with dementia, the person's family, and staff
37
most common, yet most undetected and untreated, impairment in older adulthood
depression
38
scale used to screen for depression in older adulthood
geriatric depression scale
39
geriatric depression can be treated with
medication, psychotherapy, or both
40
sometimes used for treatment of resistant depression
electroconvulsive therapy
41
highest suicide rate of any age-group
85 and older
42
T/F suicide attempts in older adults are often successful
true
43
Healthy People 2030 objectives for older adults
- general health
- dementia
- foodborn illness
- injury prevention
- oral conditions
- osteoporosis
- respiratory disease
- sensory or communication disorders
44
health people 2030: general health
- Improve physical activity for older adults with physical or cognitive health problems
- Reduce rate of pressure injuries during hospitalization
- Reduce hospital admissions among older adults with diabetes
45
health people 2030: dementia
- Improved awareness
| - Prevention of hospitalizations
46
health people 2030: food borne illness
- Reduce infections caused by Listeria
| - Reduce rate of hospital admissions for UTIs
47
health people 2030: injury prevention
- Reduce fall-related deaths
- Reduce the proportion of older adults who use inappropriate medications
- Reduce emergency department visits due to falls
48
health people 2030: oral conditions
Reduce the proportion of older adults with untreated root surface decay, loss of all teeth, and moderate and severe periodontitis
49
health people 2030: osteoporosis
- Reduce hip fractures among older adults
| - Increase the proportion of older adults who get treated for osteoporosis after fractures
50
health people 2030: respiratory disease
Reduce the rate of hospital admissions for pneumonia and asthma
51
health people 2030: sensory or communication disorders
Reduce vision loss from age-related macular degeneration
52
barriers for older adults (7)
- Previous health care experiences
- Personal motivation
- Health beliefs
- Culture
- Health literacy
- Transportation
- Finances
53
all physiological concerns of older adults (12)
```
Heart disease
Cancer
Chronic lung disease
Stroke
Smoking
Alcohol abuse
Nutrition
Dental problems
Exercise Falls
Sensory impairment
Pain
Medication use
```
54
leading causes of detain in older adults
heart disease and cancer
55
3rd leading cause of death in older adults
COPD
56
4th leading cause of death
stroke
57
risk factor associated with top 4 leading cause of deaths in older adults
smoking
58
communication technique that makes an older adult more aware of person, place, and time
reality orientation
59
alternative approach to communication with an older adult who is confused by accepting the description of time and place as stated by the older adult
validation therapy
60
method or technique to recall past memories
reminiscence
61
two types of restorative care
- continuation of recovery from acute illness or surgery that began in the acute care setting
- Support of chronic conditions that affect day-to-day functioning
62
complex, multifaceted, and encompasses a broad range of abuses of older adults
elder mistreatment
63
occurs when older adults experience illness, pain, or injury as the result of physical force or the threat of physical injury
physical abuse
64
verbal and nonverbal behaviors that inflect mental pain, anguish, fear, and distress
Psychological and emotional abuse
65
illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of money, benefits, property, or assets belonging to an elderly person
financial abuse
66
nonconsensual sexual contact or activity of any kind' coercing an elder to witness sexual behavior
sexual abuse
67
refusal or failure by those responsible to meet basic needs
neglect
68
most perpetrators of elder abuse are:
family caregivers
