T6: First wave of the Great Migration 1910-1930

Question 1

how many BA moved north and west in the Great Migration?

Answer 1

6 mill total

Question 2

how many BA moved north and west in the FIRST WAVE of the Great Migration?

Answer 2

1.6 million

Question 3

when was the first wave of the Great Migration?

Answer 3

1910-30

Question 4

what were the push factors during the first wave of the GM?

Answer 4

• excessive economic dependence on the cotton crop
• racial violence
• Jim Crow

Question 5

why was excessive dependence on the cotton crop an issue 1910-30?

Answer 5

• overproduction led to frequent slumps in cotton prices
• boll weevil capable of wiping out half of the cotton crop

Question 6

what years did overproduction of cotton causing price slumps?

Answer 6

1913-15
1920

Question 7

how much of a cotton crop was the boll weevil capable of wiping out?

Answer 7

half

Question 8

example of boll weevil causing trouble?

Answer 8

Nov 1922-May 1923 : a ruined harvest caused 50,000 black cotton workers to leave South Carolina

Question 9

when and why was there a resurgence of the KKK?

Answer 9

after The Birth of a Nation 1915

Question 10

what is the resurgence of the KKK in 1915 known as?

Answer 10

the second KKK

Question 11

when did the Birth of a Nation come out?

Answer 11

1915

Question 12

CA for KKK as push factor

Answer 12

KKK also present in North

Question 13

since when had lynchings been decreasing and what caused them to increase again?

Answer 13

decreasing since 1890s, began increasing again in response to black assertiveness that resulted from WWI

Question 14

what is this period known as in relation to JC?

Answer 14

the nadir of race relations

Question 15

what were the pull factors for migration 1910-30?

Answer 15

• economic dynamism of north
• better employment opportunities and wages
• migrants sent letters
• established black communities

Question 16

what does ‘economic dynamism’ refer to?

Answer 16

rapid industrialisation and urbanisation outside of South

Question 17

how did NYC’s population change 1880-1920?

Answer 17

increased from 1.2million to 5.6 million

Question 18

in what years did the pop of NYC increase from 1.2 mill to 5.6 mill

Answer 18

1880-1920

Question 19

why were there better employment opportunities and wages in the north 1910-30?

Answer 19

WWI - workers needed to fill manufacturing jobs

Question 20

how many BA moved North to take on manufacturing jobs due to WWI?

Answer 20

400,000

Question 21

wages in N vs S?

Answer 21

factory worker in N could earn up to $3.35/day
agricultural worker in S earned 75 cents/day
car manufacturer in Detroit earned $5/day

Question 22

how much did a factory worker in the North earn?

Answer 22

$3.35/day

Question 23

how much did an agricultural worker in the S earn?

Answer 23

75 cents a day

Question 24

how much did a car manufacturer in Detroit earn?

Answer 24

up to $5/day !

Question 25

how did letters from the N impact migration?

Answer 25

Migrants sent letters from the North to Southern friends and family, encouraging them to migrate too. Letters like these also displayed in the Chicago Defender, the most widely read newspaper by BA in S

Question 26

what was the most widely read newspaper in the South?

Answer 26

the Chicago defender

Question 27

example of an established black community in the N?

Answer 27

Harlem, centre of black activism and culture 'Harlem Renaissance' in the 1920s

Question 28

were push or pull factors more important during the first wave of the Great Migration?

Answer 28

Pull factors most important: Tangible incentives to move - huge demand for labour, existing black communities, higher wages - even lowest-paying northern jobs paid better than sharecropping. Still racism in North but lacked the formalised brutality of Jim Crow South Benefits the North had to offer made the risk of moving worth it

Question 29

what impact did the first wave of the GM have on racial tension?

Answer 29

Increased racial tension in Northern cities- WA inspired to join KKK growing resentment at BA taking jobs

Question 30

stat for KKK membership?

Answer 30

membership increased from 100,000 1921 to 4 million 1924. 30% of men from Indiana were Klansmen.

Question 31

what percentage of men from Indiana were in the KKK?

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

what was KKK membership in 1924?

Answer 32

4 mill

Question 33

example of a riot due to resentment at BA taking jobs?

Answer 33

East St Louis in 1917

Question 34

when was the riot in East St Louis

Answer 34

1917

Question 35

how many race riots were there 1910-1930? how many killed?

Answer 35

hundreds were killed in 25 cities across the nation

Question 36

2 examples of race riots in this period?

Answer 36

1. Chicago 1919 2. Tulsa 1921

Question 37

details of Chicago race riot 1919?

Answer 37

13 y/o black boy crossed segregation line on beach - stoned to death by WA, black protestors arrested → 2 weeks of rioting in which ghettos were attacked, BA fought back. 15WA +25BA killed, homes of >1000 BA families destroyed.

Question 38

fallout of Chicago riot 1919?

Answer 38

25 BA killed, 15 WA killed, more than 1000 BA family homes destroyed

Question 39

when was the Chicago race riot?

Answer 39

1919

Question 40

stat for firebombings in Chicago?

Answer 40

1917-21: 58 firebombs thrown at homes of BA s in white areas in Chicago

Question 41

how many firebombs were thrown at black homes in Chicago 1917-21?

Answer 41

58

Question 42

in what years were 58 firebombs thrown at black homes in Chicago?

Answer 42

1917-21

Question 43

when was the Tulsa race riot?

Answer 43

1921

Question 44

details of Tulsa riot 1921?

Answer 44

triggered by rumours of a lynching. White mob attacked Greenwood District (wealthy black area)- made around 10,000 BA homeless. As many as 300BA died.

Question 45

fallout of Tulsa?

Answer 45

made around 10,000 BA homeless as many as 300 BA died

Question 46

what did riots themselves lead to ?

Answer 46

more racial tension - shown in segregation

Question 47

what led to the consolidation of de facto segregation in the north in this period ?

Answer 47

race riots

Question 48

example of increased segregation in Chicago?

Answer 48

1921 - Chicago realtors adopted 'restrictive covenants' which prohibited white buyers from reselling or renting to BA

Question 49

when did realtors in Chicago adopt restrictive covenants?

Answer 49

1921

Question 50

what is a restrictive covenant?

Answer 50

prohibited white buyers from reselling or renting to BA

Question 51

why did huge black ghettos develop in cities?

Answer 51

BA couldn’t rent/buy elsewhere - restrictive covenants

Question 52

examples of cities where ghettos developed?

Answer 52

Chiocago, detroit

Question 53

what type of segregation came about as a result of housing segregation?

Answer 53

school segregation. some cities even adopted it as policy

Question 54

stat for school segregation

Answer 54

Philadelphia - 25% of black children attended official black schools

Question 55

how did NAACP membership increase in this period?

Answer 55

NAACP membership increased to 90,000 from 1919-20

Question 56

what organisations grew out of Harlem?

Answer 56

- UNIA - Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (black labour union power)

Question 57

what impact of the first wave of the GM was most significant

Answer 57

Racial tensions - this era was defined by race riots across the nation, which in turn led to the consolidation of de facto segregation in the North and black activism in response.

Question 58

after what year did lynchings decline across the nation?

Answer 58

1920