T6: Second wave of the Great Migration

Question 1

what years was the second wave of the great migration?

Answer 1

1940-70

Question 2

how many BA moved N+W during 2nd wave of GM?

Answer 2

5 million (2 mill during defence migration)

Question 3

by 1970, what percentage of BA were living in the south?

Answer 3

53% - lowest ever

Question 4

what were the push factors for migration during the 2nd GM?

Answer 4

• dire economic conditions in S
• southern Dems continued to damaged BA rights
• JC and southern racism

Question 5

why were economic conditions in the South so dire?

Answer 5

• expansion of industrial production and mechanisation in agriculture (e.g. AAA’s subsidised cotton production - WA bought machinery, BA out of work)
• Great depression had greater impact on BA
• many ND agencies discriminatory

Question 6

what were the pull factors for migration in 2nd GM?

Answer 6

• workers needed in defence industries during WWII- EO 8802 desegregated arms industries
• established black communities

Question 7

when was FDR’s EO 8802?

Answer 7

1941

Question 8

how many BA’s moved N to seek employment in arms industries in this period?

Answer 8

2 mill (defence migration)

Question 9

what cities attracted BA in defence migration?

Answer 9

Oakland and Detroit

Question 10

stat for employment of BA in arms industries?

Answer 10

1942- 3% of jobs in arms industries went to BA
1944- 8%

Question 11

examples of cities that had established black communities?

Answer 11

Chicago, NY , LA

Question 12

push or pull more important?

Answer 12

Pull factors more important:
South remained racially oppressive, but this had been the case for decades. It was the pull of job opportunities and black communities that encouraged BA to move N

Question 13

what effect did migration have on racial tensions?

Answer 13

Influx of black migrants and wartime overcrowding served to increase racial tensions. led to wartime urban riots and change in patterns of settling

Question 14

stat for black pop of Chicago?

Answer 14

Chicago’s black pop. rose from 250,000 →500,000 1940-50

Question 15

2 examples of riots in this period?

Answer 15

Detroit 1943
Harlem 1943

Question 16

details of Detroit riot

Answer 16

promotion of black workers triggered hate strike
caused riots a few days later
around 8000 arrested, 85% black
9WA and 25BA died

Question 17

details of Harlem riot 1943

Answer 17

Riots sparked by rumours that a white PO had shot a black soldier in the back for trying to protect a black woman
Thousands took to streets, >1485 stores looted, cost of damage approx $500,000

Question 18

what proportion of Harlemites were unemployed or on relief 1941?

Answer 18

1/3

Question 19

stat for TB in Harlem

Answer 19

4x as likely to catch TB as white inhabitant of NYC

Question 20

what was the cost of damage of the Harlem riot 1943?

Answer 20

$500,000

Question 21

how many stores were looted in Harlem riots?

Answer 21

approx 1500

Question 22

details of segregation in 2nd GM?

Answer 22

• increased ghettoisation
• white flight
• Levittowns
• restrictive covenants
• white violence and force
  FHA discrimination

Question 23

what increased black political power and assertiveness in this period?

Answer 23

Black workers in defence industries perceived as vital to the nation’s safety

Question 24

example of black activism in this period?

Answer 24

Philip A Randolph threatened march on Washington 1941- EO 8802, desegregated arms industries

Question 25

when did the growth of the suburbs accelerate?

Answer 25

mid 1940s

Question 26

stat for homes built in the suburbs

Answer 26

11/13 mill homes built 1948-58 were in the suburbs

Question 27

which company built more than 10% of suburban houses?

Answer 27

Levitt Brothers

Question 28

what proportion of suburban houses did the Levitt Brothers build

Answer 28

>10%

Question 29

when did the first Levitt town begin construction and where?

Answer 29

1947, Hempstead

Question 30

what price were Levitt houses?

Answer 30

only 2.5 x median family income ($8000)

Question 31

why were Levittowns attractive?

Answer 31

- spacious - garages - racially exclusive!

Question 32

how were Levittowns racially exclusive?

Answer 32

contracts for a New York Levittown home stipulated that it could not be occupied than any other than the caucasian race

Question 33

what happened if a black family moved into a Levittown?

Answer 33

Rocks thrown at a black family who moved into the Pennsylvania Levittown 1957

Question 34

what happened as a result of violence against BA fam in Pennsylvania ?

Answer 34

NAACP won a legal case against the Pennsylvania Levittown, but family moved out in 1961 due to hostility

Question 35

when did the black family move out of the Pennsylvania Levittown?

Answer 35

1961

Question 36

what did Levittowns show about segregation?

Answer 36

not just a southern problem

Question 37

when were rocks thrown at BA family in Pennsylvania Levittown?

Answer 37

1957

Question 38

stat for firebombings in this period?

Answer 38

46 firebombings of black homes in Chicago 1944-46

Question 39

how many neighbourhood protective associations did Chicago have during WWII?

Answer 39

175

Question 40

what did neighbourhood protective associations do?

Answer 40

policed racial boundaries

Question 41

example of a neighbourhood protective association?

Answer 41

'White Circle League' established 1949 to keep BA out of white neighbourhoods

Question 42

example of housing riots?

Answer 42

housing riots in Chicago suburb Cicero in 1951- several thousand WA used looting + burning to drive out sole BA family

Question 43

when were the housing riots in Cicero?

Answer 43

1951

Question 44

what happened in Cicero housing riots?

Answer 44

several thousand WA used looting + burning to drive out sole BA family

Question 45

where were housing riots 1951?

Answer 45

Cicero

Question 46

stat for restrictive covenants in Chicago post-war?

Answer 46

90% housing subject to restrictive covenants in Chicago

Question 47

what were restrictive covenants

Answer 47

Clauses that specified that BA could not buy property

Question 48

result of restrictiuve covenants?

Answer 48

Such practices led to BA paying high rents for poor accommodation in overcrowded ghettos e.g. Chicago's South Side

Question 49

what did the FHA do that contributed to ghetto growth?

Answer 49

FHA distributed millions of dollars of low-cost mortgages in late 1940s but excluded applicants considered ‘high risk’ - mostly BA! Over a 30 year period, 98% of FHA loans handed out to white borrowers → housing segregation essentially policy of fed gov

Question 50

when did FHA distribute millions of dollars worth of low cost mortgages?

Answer 50

late 1940s

Question 51

over a 30yr period, what percentage of FHA loans went to white borrowers?

Answer 51

98%

Question 52

what was the significance of FHA discrimination?

Answer 52

segregation essentially fed gov policy

Question 53

why were black neighbourhoods destroyed (example) and what was the impact?

Answer 53

Chicago politicians + developers tore down black neighbourhoods + replaced with more expensive housing for WA 1949- Congress authorised redevelopment of slum areas- BA thrown out - fed gov did then not meet BA housing units quota!

Question 54

when did Congress authorise the redevlopmebt of slum areas?

Answer 54

1949

Question 55

how many federal housing units were built by 1955?

Answer 55

only 200,000

Question 56

what was white flight?

Answer 56

White people who could afford it fled nearby ghettos in cities to suburbs

Question 57

what was the result of suburbian unwillingness to pay taxes to assist inner city areas?

Answer 57

ghettos declined even more and more white flight

Question 58

what percentage of WA supported residential segregation by the end of wwii?

Answer 58

more than 75% - this was higher in N than S!

Question 59

by when did >75% of WA favour residential segregation?

Answer 59

end of wwii

Question 60

what demonstrated black ghetto discontent?

Answer 60

multiple riots of the long, hot summers of 1964-8

Question 61

when were the long hot summers?

Answer 61

1964-8

Question 62

what 2 riots demonstrate ghetto discontent?

Answer 62

Watts 1965 Newark 1967

Question 63

what years was the Watts riot?

Answer 63

1965

Question 64

details of watts riot?

Answer 64

- black mob set fire to several blocks of stores - over $40 million damages to largely white-owned businesses - made MLK realise that main issue is economic

Question 65

what year was the Newark riot?

Answer 65

1967

Question 66

details of Newark riot?

Answer 66

- Riots broke out day after plans for the Second Annual Black Power Conference in Newark were announced - Trigger = police brutality against local black cab driver - Much looting- National Guard called in - ‘indiscriminate’ shooting of suspected looters

Question 67

who did the NAACP blame for Newark violence?

Answer 67

NAACP blamed local officials for inaction over high poverty rates and awful slums