T8.2 Cell Respiration

Question 1

Oxidation

Answer 1

loss of electrons (and energy)

Question 2

Reduction

Answer 2

gain of electrons (and energy)

Question 3

Electron carriers

Answer 3

Molecules that easily accept and give electrons

Question 4

Electron carriers used in respiration

Answer 4

NAD+ and FAD+

Question 5

Overall products of glycolysis

Answer 5

2 pyruvate, net gain 2 ATP, 2NADH

Question 6

How much ATP is spent in glycolysis

Answer 6

2 ATP to phosphoralate glucose

Question 7

Where does glycolysis happen?

Answer 7

in the cytoplasm

Question 8

What is the phosphorylated glucose called? (right before it splits)

Answer 8

fructose, 1, 6, bisphosphate

Question 9

What are the general steps of glycolysis in order?

Answer 9

1. Phosphorylation
2. Lysis
3. Oxidation
4. ATP formation

Question 10

Phosphorylation

Answer 10

Addition of phosphate to an organic molecule

Question 11

What does phosphorylation do to a molecule?

Answer 11

It makes the whole molcecule more unstable and likely to react or break down

Question 12

In the step of phosphorlyation in glycolysis, where do the two phosphates come from?

Answer 12

2ATP which donates a phosphate to become 2ADP

Question 13

What is the product of lysis in glycolysis?

Answer 13

2 Triose phosphate molecules

Question 14

Describe lysis in glycolysis

Answer 14

A fructose,1,6,bisphosphate is split apart to form two triose phosphates. (this sounds real funky with words, id suggest a picture to make it make some sort of sense.)
pcitrue, but it says glyceraldehyde instead of triose phosphate. Triose phosphate is just glyceraldehyde but with another phosphate.

Question 15

Describe oxidation in glycolysis

Answer 15

1 NAD+ comes in and takes an electron from one triose phosphate. This happens twice per glucose molecule as one glucose produced two triose phosphates

Question 16

Describe ATP formation in glycolysis

Answer 16

2 ADP come in a yoink the two phosphates off of the triose phosphate to form 2 ATP and one pyruvate molecule. This also happens twice per one glucose molecule.

Question 17

Where does the Link Reaction take place?

Answer 17

the mitochondrial matrix

Question 18

Decarboxylation

Answer 18

Where carbon and oxygen is removed from a molecule in the form of CO2

Question 19

Purpose of Link Reaction

Answer 19

To move pyruvate into the cytoplasm and to allow it to start the Kreb cycle

Question 20

Steps of the Link reaction

Answer 20

Pyruvate is decarboxylated and loses one carbon atom in the form of CO2.
Then it is oxidized and loses one electron. NAD+ to NADH + H+
Finally Coenzyme A binds to the two carbons to form Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 21

Products of link reaction

Answer 21

2CO2, 2NADH, and 2 Acetyl-CoA

Question 22

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place

Answer 22

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 23

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 23

To form as many electron carriers as possible.

Question 24

Steps of Krebs Cycle

Answer 24

1) Coenzyme A is removed from acetyl-Co2 and is recycled
2) The acetyl group binds to oxaloacetate (which has 4 carbons) to form a 6 carbon chain called citric acid.
3) The molecule is then decarboxylated twice and oxidized twice, forming 2 CO2 and 2 NADH
4) The molecule has lost both carbons that it previously gained, but still has a phosphate group and extra electrons that can be taken away.
5) One ADP molecule comes in and takes a phosphate
6) The molecule is then oxidized by FAD+ once to form the electron carrier FADH2.
7) The molecule is oxidized again by NAD+ to form another NADH
8) The molecule is at its original state of oxaloacetate, and the cycle repeats with the next Acetly CoA

Question 25

Products of the Kreb Cycle

Answer 25

The kreb cycle happens twice per glucose molecue. Overall forms 6 NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP, and 2CO2

Question 26

Where do all the electron carriers go after being formed?

Answer 26

To the ETC for Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 27

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 27

In the cristae of the mitochondria

Question 28

Why is oxidative phosphorylation called oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 28

The oxidation of NADH or FADH2 by the electron transport chain happens at the same time as ATP synthesis (where phosphorylation occurs)

Question 29

What do the protein pumps in the electron transport chain do?

Answer 29

They pump protons (H+ ions) to the inner membrane from the mitochondrial matrix in order to cause a concentration gradient to form (higher amount of protons in the inner membrane compared to the mitochondrial matrix). This allows chemiosmosis to occur through the ATP synthase.

Question 30

What gives energy to the electron transport chain?

Answer 30

The electron carriers formed from glycolysis, link reaction, and the Krebs cycle donate electrons to the protein pumps, allowing the pumps to cause the concentration gradient.

Question 31

Chemiosmosis

Answer 31

Where H+ moves across a membrane down the concentration gradient.

Question 32

What do the used up electrons in the electron transport chain go to?

Answer 32

They are recieved by an Oyxgen atom (2 electrons per oxygen atom), which then has two H+ atoms join to the oxygen atom, forming water. 2e- + 2H+ + 1/2O2 -> H2O

Question 33

How are the ATP's made in the electron transport chain

Answer 33

The H+ ions flow into the ATP sythase. While they go through, they spin around a lot, which creates enough kinetic energy to pass the activation energy needed to phospharylate an ADP molecule.

Question 34

End products of the electron transport chain

Answer 34

Around 30 ATP and water