Task 1

Question 1

Hegel

Answer 1

history proceeds in a line and that is directional or going somewhere - criticism: civilizations can advance and regress

Question 2

Fukuyama

Answer 2

History has to come to an end with liberal democracy - coherent development of human societies from trivial to modern liberal society and driven by capitalism

Question 3

Can history be objective?

Answer 3

No, there is no neutral position from which to do history, because each seems to understand the past within a framework - selected facts interpreted and given from their particular perspective

Question 4

Causality in relation to History

Answer 4

Necessary cause - condition fro x to be y is on of potentially many conditions that have to be ratified before we can say x is y (Horse example)

Suficiente cause - one that is enough to conclude immediately that we have something.

Question 5

What are the philosophical approaches to history

Answer 5

Historical realism - concepts and theories employed in history to get at what really happened - the past exists independently of what we think of it

Historians anti-representionalism - theory of truth within historians has to be given up and the constructs of historians understood as fictions and closer approximations of the past as it happened

Question 6

Different approaches towards the finding of the truth

Answer 6

1. Correspondence theory - those who think it is still worth it aiming for the truth, bring to match up the past and our accounts of it
2. Coherence theory - the only way to test historians accounts is by comparison with others
3. Pragmatic theory - historians shits down interpretations that do not accord with war is useful for a society and supper or undermine dominant marginalized histories.

Question 7

What is history according to Fukuyama

Answer 7

Humans naturally have desire for recognition - satisfied in a liberal democracy (participation and equal recognitions) and basic economic needs (capitalist democracy and free markets)